NUR 3196 - Module 11 Exam 3 | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated
2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
Innate immunity
Innate immunity
microorganisms - ___ includes natural barriers and inflammation. ___ barriers form the
first line of defense at the body's surfaces. They serve to prevent damage by the
environment and thwart infection by pathogenic ___
second
inflammatory - If the surface barriers are breached, the ___ line of defense, the ___
response, is activated to protect the body from further injury, fight infection, and promote
healing
third
adaptive - The ___ line of defense, ___ immunity (also known as acquired or specific
immunity), is induced through a slower and more specific process and targets particular
invaders and diseased tissues for the purpose of eradicating them. ___ immunity also
involves "memory," which results in a more rapid response during future exposure to the
same invader.
1st line of defense - EX: skin, linings of GI, GU, resp. tracts, tears, saliva, mucus, sweat,
earwax
barriers (1st line) - -constant
-broadly specific
-epithelial cells
-no memory involved
-Defensins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins
-rotection includes anatomic barriers (i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells and
secretory molecules (e.g., lysozymes, low pH of stomach and urine), and ciliary activity
inflammatory (2nd line) - -immediate response
-broadly specific
-Mast cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils),
monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial cells
-No memory involved
-Activation of complement, clotting factors, kinins, cytokines
-Protection includes vascular responses, cellular components (e.g., mast cells,
neutrophils, macrophages), secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma
protein system
adaptive (3rd line) - -Delay between first exposure to antigen and maximal response;
immediate against secondary exposure to same antigen
, -Response is very specific toward target
-T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
-Specific immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes
-Antibodies, complement, cytokines
-Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines, and antibodies
mast cells - The inflammatory response activates 3 plasma systems. two are
interdependent, so the introduction to __ introduces the other two.
symptoms of inflammation - -vasodilation, vascular permeability (edema), cellular
infiltration, thrombosis (clots), stimulation of nerve endings (pain)
Nonspecific Inflammatory Response - Takes place in approximately the same way,
regardless of the type of stimulus or whether exposure to the same stimulus has
occurred in the past. EX: people have the same reaction to mosquito bite every time
they are bit
complement system - intensifies or complements the capacity of antibodies and
phagocytes to clear pathogens and damaged cells and activate inflammation. Activation
of this produces several substances that can destroy pathogens directly or can
eradicate pathogens through enhancing the activity of other components of the immune
response
clotting system - a group of plasma proteins, which, when activated sequentially, form a
blood clot. This system can be activated by a variety of substances, such as collagen,
enzymes, and bacterial toxins, released during tissue injury or infection
Clots - ___ serve to plug damaged vessels and stop bleeding (hemostasis), trap
microorganisms, prevent their spread to adjacent tissues, and provide a framework for
future repair and healing
kinin system - system activated by Hageman factor as part of the inflammatory
response; Functions to activate and assist inflammatory cells
Primary type is bradykinin
Causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, vascular
permeability, and leukocyte chemotaxis
-signals to break up clots
cytokines - are intracellular molecules/ proteins that mediate inflammatory responses
principle mediators of the inflammatory processes - -vasodilation & limit inflammation
-vascular permeability (histamine) & immune response (interleukins -- produce
macrophages and lymphocytes)
-pain, repair, healing
-systemic effects & phagocytosis
