osmolality - Concentration of particles in a solution
tonicity - Measurement of the concentration of IV solutions compared with the osmolality
of body fluids
pediatrics - -TBW is 75% to 80% of body weight
-Susceptible to significant changes in body fluids
-EX: Can get dehydrated super quickly Head sinks in shows that baby is dehydrated
aging - -Decreased percent of total body water
-EX: Have less TBW, Decreased muscle mass, declined renal Aren't aware that they
are thirsty or need water Medications (more susceptible to dehydration)
edema - Accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces
edema - Decrease in plasma oncotic pressure, increase in capillary permeability, lymph
channel obstruction, increased in capillary hydrostatic pressure are the causes of what?
edema - Localized: Lungs/ feet/ legs vs. Generalized whole body
aldosterone - - controls Na concentration ; mineral corticoid released when BP or blood
volume decrease, causes Na + and H2O to be reabsorbed
Natriuretic peptides - - increase Na & water excretion = hormones produced by the
myocardium (heart) ; antagonist of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system; increases
sodium and water secretion (decrease in Na+ & H2O)
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - -Water balance maintained by ____ secretion
-Found in posterior pituitary, going to increase water reabsorption into the plasma and
maintain water balance
isotonic alterations in Na+ , Cl-, & Water Balance - balanced plasma 0.9% sodium
chloride - isotonic solution
Most common a. Fluid Loss: hemorrhage • Sweating • inadequate fluid intake b. Fluid
Gain: • Excess IV fluids
Hypertonic alterations in Na+ , Cl-, & Water Balance - -increase osmolality
-Hypernatremia
-H2O deficit in ECF (dehydration)
-More salt
Hypotonic alterations in Na+ , Cl-, & Water Balance - -decreased osmolality
-Hyponatremia
-H2O excess in ECF (cerebral edema)
-Less salt
hypotonic - hypo = hippo = fat
cell expands
hypertonic - more salt = snail shrivels
cell shrinks
fluid replacements - General considerations for?
-All routes
-fluid intake & loss
-Requirements = Daily H2O, Electrolyte, Protein
-Patient's weight & caloric needs - Body surface area - Illness - Surgery
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