Fluid is distributed in three body compartments: (a) intracellular (within cells), 35% to 40% of body weight (b) interstitial (surrounding cells and bloodstream), 20% of body weight. (c) intravascular (blood plasma), 5% of body weight.
Extracellular fluid (ECF) fluid outside the cells; includes in...
NCMA 219 Review Questions and
Correct Answers
Fluid is distributed in three body compartments: ✅(a) intracellular (within cells), 35% to
40% of body weight
(b) interstitial (surrounding cells and bloodstream), 20% of body weight.
(c) intravascular (blood plasma), 5% of body weight.
Extracellular fluid (ECF) ✅fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial
fluids
Metabolic acidosis ✅Abnormal condition of high hydrogen ion concentration in the
extracellular fluid caused by either a primary increase in hydrogen ions or a decrease in
bicarbonate.
Metabolic alkalosis ✅elevation of HCO3- usually caused by an excessive loss of
metabolic acids
Dehydration ✅An abnormally low amount of water in the body.
Isotonic dehydration ✅is a primarily form of dehydration in which electrolyte and water
deficits are present in approximately balanced proportions. Water and sodium are lost in
approximately equal amounts.
Hypotonic dehydration ✅occurs when the electrolyte deficit exceeds the water deficit,
leaving the serum hypotonic.
Hypertonic dehydration ✅results from water loss in excess of electrolyte loss and is
usually caused by a proportionately larger loss of water or a larger intake of electrolytes.
Most dangerous and requires more specific fluid therapy.
Anemia ✅-the most common hematologic disorder of childhood.
-decrease in number of rbcs and/or hemoglobin concentration below normal
-decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
-not a disease itself but an indication or manifestation of an underlying pathologic
process.
Iron deficiency anemia ✅-caused by inadequate supply of dietary iron.
-most prevalent nutritional disorder in US & most common mineral disturbance
-12-36 months: at risk due to cow's milk
-Generally is preventable
*iron-fortified cereals and formulas for infants
, *special needs of premature infants
*adolescents at risk due to rapid growth and poor eating habits
Sickle cell anemia ✅a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in
some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
Vaso-occlusive (VOC) thrombotic ✅-Most common type of crisis and is very painful
-Stasis of blood with clumping of cells in the microcirculation leads to ischemia and then
infarction
-Signs are fever, pain, and tissue engorgement
Sequestration Crisis ✅-pooling of blood in the spleen and liver
-enlarged liver and spleen
Circulatory collapse
-decreased blood volume
-shock
Splenic sequestration ✅• Life threatening—death can occur within hours
• Blood pools in the spleen
• Signs
• Profound anemia, hypovolemia , and shock
Aplastic crises ✅• Diminished production and increased destruction of rbcs
• Triggered by viral infection or depletion of folic acid
• Signs include profound anemia, pallor
Hyperhemolytic crisis ✅accelerated rate of RBC destruction characterized by anemia,
jaundice, and reticulocytosis
-other coexisting conditions: viral illness, G6PF deficiency
Aplastic anemia ✅a serious condition in which the bone marrow does not produce
enough new blood cells.
-may be passed down from the parents or develop sometime during childhood.
-develop at any age.
-may occur suddenly, or it can occur slowly and get worse over a long period of time
-symptoms include tiredness, paleness, frequent infections, and easy bruising and
bleeding.
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ✅Causes RBC to break down too soon
Fanconi's Anemia ✅a rare, inherited disease that leads to aplastic anemia
Children born with it tend to be smaller than average and have birth defects, such as
underdeveloped limbs.
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