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Introduction to Psychology: Exam #1 Part #1 Terms in this set (66) Scientific method Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it. For example, hunger might be defined as the number of hours of$6.99
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Introduction to Psychology: Exam #1 Part #1 Terms in this set (66) Scientific method Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it. For example, hunger might be defined as the number of hours of
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Introduction to Psychology: Exam #1 Part #1
Terms in this set (66)
Scientific method Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it. For example, hunger might be defined as the number of hours of food deprivation.
1) Make ob...
Introduction to Psychology: Exam #1 Part #1
Jeremiah
Terms in this set (66)
Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to
measure it. For example, hunger might be defined as the number of hours of food
deprivation.
1) Make observations
Scientific method
2) Define problem
3) Propose hypothesis
4) Gather evidence / Test hypothesis
5) Reject or retain hypothesis
6) Publish results
A theory is a system of ideas designed to relate/connect concepts and facts in a way
What is a theory that summarizes existing data and predicts future observations. Good theories
summarize observations, explain them, allow prediction, and guide further research.
A hypothesis is the predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about
Hypothesis the relationship between variables. In other words, a hypothesis is a testable hunch
about behavior.
The tendency to base judgments and interpretations on external data rather than on
Objectivity
subjective factors, such as personal feelings, beliefs, and experiences.
A reactive measure alters the response under investigation. For example, if participants
are aware of being observed, their reactions may be influenced more by the observer
and the fact of being observed than by the stimulus object or situation to which they
Reactive and nonreactive measures are seemingly responding.
A nonreactive measure can to collect data without the researcher explicitly asking for it
(and therefor overcome response problems, such as selective participation)
A reliable measure = the results you're getting from a test/experiment aren't varying
(unless they are supposed to) / are providing consistent results.
Reliable and valid measures
A valid measure is true and relevant. The test is measuring what is it supposed to be
measuring.
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Internal validity = the accuracy with which a study can pinpoint one of various possible
factors as the cause of a phenomenon. Potential confounds are controlled / experiment
is controlled. Results = very accurate to this group, but we cannot know whether it is
Internal and external validity true for the greater population. Low external validity.
External validity = the degree to which the study can be generalized beyond that study.
(Less controlled factors = more external validity and less internal)
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing
Random assignment
preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.
A placebo can be roughly defined as a sham medical treatment. This is used in
Placebo experimentation to determine whether the expectation of the participant has an effect
on the outcome.
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research
Double-blind control procedure staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the
treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.
Theoretical questions are transformed into testable hypotheses through operational
definitions. An operational definition states the exact procedures used to measure a
concept.
Operational definition (of something)
Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to
measure it. For example, hunger might be defined as the number of hours of food
deprivation.
An experiment requires intentional manipulation of the independent variable in order to
observe its effect on the dependent variable. (Involves controls/managing confounds)
Experiment vs. non-experiment
A non-experimental study does not involve manipulation of variables or control, and
relies more-so on observation and self-report.
An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific
Independent vs. dependent variable(s) experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the
variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.
Control In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison with test results.
Factors that interfere with an accurate measurement between the independent and
Confound
dependent variable.
Brain and spinal cord. The brain interprets and stores
information and sends orders to muscles, glands,
Central nervous system and organs. The spinal cord is the pathway
connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous
system.
Transmits information to and from the central
nervous system (NS).
Peripheral nervous system
Automatically regulates glands, internal organs, and
blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, and blood
Autonomic nervous system
pressure.
The part of the autonomic nervous system that
arouses the body to deal with perceived threats.
Sympathetic division
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