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Pharmacology For Nursing Exam 1 Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions Latest Update 2024/2025.
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Pharmacology For Nursing Exam 1 Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions Latest Update 2024/2025.

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  • August 4, 2024
  • 17
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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Pharmacology For Nursing Exam 1 Questions And
Answers With Verified Solutions Latest Update
2024/2025.
Additive effects - ANSWER § Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or
more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs
given alone

Adverse drug event - ANSWER § Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or
failing to administer a prescribed medication

Adverse drug reaction - ANSWER § any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive
response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose)

Adverse effects - ANSWER § undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more
drugs

Agonist - ANSWER a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in
the body

Allergic reaction - ANSWER § an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the
unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event

Antagonist - ANSWER § a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors
in the body; also called inhibitors

Antagonistic effects - ANSWER § drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two
or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

Pharmaceutics - ANSWER § study of how various dosage forms influence the way in which the
drug affects the body

Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER § what the body does to the drug; absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion

Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER § what the drug does to the body; drug-receptor relationships

Pharmacotherapeutics - ANSWER clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

How does route and first pass effect alter the absorption? - ANSWER PO- bioavailability is less
than 100%; IV- bioavailability is 100%; First-pass effect reduces the bioavailability of the drug to less
than 100%

How does protein binding affect the distribution? - ANSWER o Only those that are NOT
protein bound can distribute to extravascular tissue to reach the site of action

How do drug interactions relate to the concept? - ANSWER o Protein binding can lead to drug-
drug interactions; occurs when the presence of one drug increases or decreases the actions of another
drug that is administered concurrently

,What is the major site of drug metabolism? - ANSWER o The liver

What are cytochrome P-450 enzymes? - ANSWER Enzymes in the liver that control metabolic
reactions of drugs; target lipid soluble drugs that are hard to eliminate

Where are most drugs excreted? - ANSWER o Kidney, liver, and bowel

What can affect the rate of excretion? - ANSWER o Polar/non-polar or water soluble/fat
aoluble drugs

Half-life - ANSWER · time required for one-half of a drug to be removed from the body; rate at
which the drug is eliminated by the body

Onset - ANSWER time for drug to elicit a therapeutic response

Peak - ANSWER · time for drug to reach max. therapeutic response

Duration - ANSWER · length of time that a drug concentration is sufficient (without more
doses)

§ What 3 ways can drugs exert their actions? - ANSWER Receptor interactions,Enzyme
interactions,Nonselective interactions

Receptor interactions - ANSWER · joining of a drug molecule with a reactive sire on the
surface of a cell or tissue; most commonly a protein structure within the cell membrane

Enzyme interactions - ANSWER · inhibit or enhance enzyme function; called selective
interaction

Nonselective interactions - ANSWER · main targets are cell membranes and carious cellular
processes such as metabolic activities; drugs can either physically interfere with or chemically alter
cellular structures or processes

What is the difference between a mechanism of action and a therapeutic effect? - ANSWER §
Mechanism of action is the way in which the therapeutic effect is achieved

Agonist - ANSWER · Drug binds to the receptor; there is a response

Partial agonist - ANSWER · drug binds to the receptor; the response is diminished compared
with that elicited by an agonist

Antagonist: - ANSWER · Drug binds to the receptor; there is no response. Drug prevents
binding of agonists.

Competitive antagonist - ANSWER · Drug competes with the agonist for binding to the
receptor. If it binds, there is no response

Noncompetitive antagonist - ANSWER · drug combines with different parts of the receptor
and inactivates it; agonist then has no effect

How will a nurse evaluate the effectiveness of drug therapy? - ANSWER § Through patient
therapy assessment

, Therapeutic index - ANSWER · ratio of a drug's toxic level to the level that provides
therapeutic benefits (low index means the difference between a therapeutically active dose and a
toxic dose is small and has a greater likelihood than other drugs of causing an adverse reaction; ex:
warfarin and digoxin)

Drug concentration - ANSWER · Concentration of the drug in the blood; some drug levels are
associated with therapeutic responses, and others are associated with toxic effects.

· Patient's response: varies depending on physiologic and psychological demands (i.e. infection,
anxiety, depression)

Tolerance and dependence - ANSWER · tolerance is a decreasing response to repeated drug
doses; dependence is a physiologic need for a drug (physical dependence- physiologic need for a drug
to avoid withdrawal symptoms; psychological dependence- addiction or obsessive desire for the
euphoric effects of a drug)

Adverse drug events - ANSWER · any undesirable occurrence involving medications

o Vary from no effect to mild discomfort to life-threatening complications, permanent disability,
disfigurement, or death

Active Transport - ANSWER § movement of substance between different tissues via pumping
mechanisms that require energy

Diffusion - ANSWER § Passive movement of a substance between tissues from areas of higher
concentration to areas of lower concentration

Neonate - ANSWER § Pertaining to a person younger than 1 month of age; newborn infant

Older Adult - ANSWER § Pertaining to a person who is 65 years of age or older

Pediatric - ANSWER § Pertaining to a person who is 12 years of age or younger

Polypharmacy - ANSWER § The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient,
who often has several health problems

What do the different pregnancy classes mean? - ANSWER o Safety categories of drugs that
the FDA developed for use during pregnancy;

§ Category A: no risk to the human fetus

§ Category B: no risk to the animal fetus; info for humans is not available

§ Category C: Adverse effects reported in the animal fetus; info for humans is not available

§ Category D: Possible fetal risk in humans has been reported; however in selected cases consideration
of the potential benefit vs. risk may warrant use of these drugs in pregnant women

§ Category X: Fetal abnormalities have been reported, and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is
available from animal and/or human studies. These drugs are not to be used in pregnant women

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