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APSC 151 Midterm Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
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APSC 151 Midterm Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

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APSC 151 Midterm Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025
Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

Physical geology - Study of the Earth's composition, structure, and the processes that shape it.



Historical geology - A major division of geology that deals with the origin of Earth and its development
through time. Usually involves the study of fossils and their sequence in rock beds.



Engineering geology - The application of the geologic sciences to engineering practice



Hydrology - Study of surface water



Groundwater - Water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers



Catastrophism - A principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly (by catastrophe)



Uniformitarianism - A principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by
current geologic processes



Absolute age dating - Method that enables scientists to determine the actual age of certain rocks and
other objects



Radiometric dating - Dating using decay of radioactive isotopes to calculate the age of a rock or mineral



Relative dating - Placing rocks and events in a chronological sequence



Law of superposition - The geologic principle that states that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock,
each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it.



Principle of fossil succession - Fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable
order, and any time period can be recognized by its fossil content.

,Principle of original horizontality - The principle that states that layers of sediment are generally
deposited in a horizontal or nearly horizontal position.



Principle of cross-cutting relations - if one geologic feature cuts across another, the feature that has
been cut is older



Unconformity - A break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is
not deposited for a long period of time (nondeposition)



Plate tectonics - A theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move.



Continental drift - The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke
up, and drifted to their present locations



Paleomagnetics - Uses magnetic directions recorded in rocks to determine the latitude at which the
rocks were formed (magnetic field is preserved in cooling lava)



Geomagnetic reversals - A change in the Earth's magnetic field resulting in a switch in polarity



Lithosphere - The rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.



Hot spot - A volcanically active area of Earth's surface far from a tectonic plate boundary. If the crust
moves, the rising mantle plume can form a chain of volcanoes



Converging plate boundary - A plate boundary where two plates move toward each other.



Subduction zone - The site at which an oceanic plate is sliding under a continental plate.



Diverging plate boundary - A boundary in which two tectonic plates move apart.

, Upwelling - Material from mantle rises towards the surface as a result of diverging tectonic plates



Transform plate boundary - Boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other.



Isostasy - The equilibrium between continental crust and the denser mantle below it



Index fossil - A fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to date the rock
layer in which it is found



Hadean Eon - The earliest period in Earth's history (4.5 to 3.8 billion years ago), the "hellish era," when
the planet's formation was still ongoing and was unsuited to life.



Archaean Eon - The second eon in Earth's history, a time from 3.8 to 2.5 million years ago, during which
the first living organisms appeared.



Proterozoic Eon - The eon following the Archean and preceding the Phanerozoic. it extends between
2500 and 542 million years ago. Free oxygen, multi-cellular organisms.



Phanerozoic Eon - The most recent eon, an interval of time from 542 Ma to the present.



Paleozoic era - The part of geologic time 570-245 million years ago ; invertebrates, fishes, amphibians,
reptiles, ferns, and cone-bearing trees were dominant



Cambrian Period - Period of geological time from 570-510 million years ago. Complex, mobile life existed
in the oceans only.



Ordovician Period - Period of geological time following the Cambrian Period. Marine algae abundant;
colonization of land by diverse fungi, plants, and animals.



Silurian Period - Period of geological time following the Ordovician Period. Coral reefs develop. First
vascular plants. Early insects and spiders.

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