epidemiology - the study of the frequency, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in
populations and the applications of this study to control health populations
health - A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity. Lack of visible symptoms is not a true indication
disease - a derangement in the function of the whole body of the host or any of its parts
Primary disease prevention - occurs before the onset of disease to prevent development
Secondary disease prevention - early detection of disease through screening before it prevents a real
problem
Tertiary disease prevention - addressing the results of clinical illnesses in order to lessen the impact of
disease - treatment of signs and symptoms
Dr. James Lind - first randomized trial for scurvy cure - gave limited nutrient diet = 50% became ill with
scurvy = death
Sir Percival Pott - earliest account of cause and effect linkage for occupational carcinogen - chimney
sweepers cancer = soot in rugae of scrotum = tumors
19th Century Epidemiology - John Snow and Broad St. Pump studied contaminated water and
communicable disease epidemiology
horizontal transmission - transmission of an infectious agent between members of the same species
through direct of indirect contact
vertical transmission - transmission of an infectious agent from mother to fetus/baby either before,
during, or just after pregnancy
zoonotic disease - any disease that is transmitted to humans by animals
vectors - responsible for the disease from the original host or reservoir (vertebrate animal) to the
second host (human) - usually an insect/any living carrier
Stages of Development of Disease - Stage of susceptibility
Stage of pre-symptomatic disease
Stage of clinical disease
Stage of disability / recovery
Stage of susceptibility - host is exposed to an amount of agent that is sufficient enough for disease to
occur
Stage of pre-symptomatic disease - as time progresses from point of exposure, changes in the pathology
of the infected host will begin - no signs / symptoms
, Stage of clinical disease - more significant changes in the body - presentation of visible signs
Stage of disability / recovery - once the clinical form of disease has occurred, there is a period of time
when an individual might be treated, after which the outcome (disability or recovery) will occur
latent period - time between being exposed to sufficient cause of disease and being able to detect that
disease state once it's underway
incubation period - time between being exposed to a sufficient cause of disease and the onset of clinical
signs
endemic - disease that is present within a given geographic area at an expected level
epidemic - disease that appears as new cases, in a given population, during a given period, at a rate that
exceeds what is expected
pandemic - disease that is widespread over a large area and crosses international borders
sporadic - occurs only occasionally in a population - prevalence is zero
innate immunity - born with and not specific to any antigen, provides immediate response to invaders
(WBC, skin, stomach acid)
acquired immunity - can acquire naturally (active or passive) or artificially
Natural active immunity - person exposed to live pathogen develops the disease and becomes immune -
primary response
Artificially active immunity - induced by vaccine or substance that contains the antigen - stimulates the
primary response without causing symptoms of the disease
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