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1.20. Which of the following conditions combines symptoms of pain and psychiatric
signs and symptoms?
A. Fibromyalgia
B. Migraine
C. Irritable bowel syndrome
D. Chronic fatigue syndrome
E. All of the above - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..E
(Fibromyalgia, migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome are
some of the most commonly recognized conditions in which pain is associated with
psychiatric symptoms. Fibromyalgia is a chronic nonprogressive disease in which
patients will present with at least 11 musculoskeletal tender points. Depression and
anxiety are frequently diagnosed in patients suffering from fibromyalgia. Migraines are
severe unilateral headaches that often present with throbbing, nausea, vomiting, and
photophobia. The prodomal phase of a migraine may include depression, hypersomnia,
irritability, and fatigue. Irritable bowel syndrome is an idiopathic gastrointestinal tract
disorder in which symptoms of alternating diarrhea and constipation are commonly
preceded by anxiety and depression. Chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition in which
patients present with 6 months or more of fatigue not alleviated by rest, compromise of
short-term memory and concentration, insomnia, depression, and musculoskeletal
pain.)
1.21. The concept that animacy is a primary milestone of social perception can be
demonstrated by which of the following observations?
A. At birth, infants preferentially track moving human faces.
B. At 3 months, infants smile and vocalize more to people than objects.
, C. At 3 months, infants show preferential attention to self-propelled motion.
D. At 9 months, infants understand that animate beings, not objects, have goal-directed
action.
E. All of the above - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..E
(Animacy is the inability of the brain to quickly and efficiently differentiate animate from
inanimate objects. The first thing a brain must do in any healthy social interaction is
detect animacy. Psychophysical research has shown that our attentional and perceptual
systems are uniquely tuned for detecting animate things versus other object types.
Time-consuming mental calculations would be wasted attempting to predict the
thoughts, feelings, and actions of objects that could not think, feel, or act.)
1.22. The Self as a subject (the I-Self) includes all of the following except
A. self-awareness
B. self-continuity
C. self-coherence
D. me-self
E. sense of ownership - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..D
(William James made a distinction between two separable but intimately interrelated
aspects of the "self." The "self" as a subject is known as the I-Self and "self" as object is
known as the Me-Self. He also identified subcomponents within them. Components of
the I-Self include Self-agency (sense of ownership), self-awareness, self-continuity, and
self-coherence. The Me-Self included "material me," "social me," and "spiritual me.")
1.23. Cells that decrease their firing during NREM sleep and cease firing altogether
during REM sleep are
A. nonadrenegeric cells
B. cholinergic cells
C. histaminergic cells
D. dopaminergic cells
E. all of the above - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..A
(Noradrenergic cells from the locus coeruleus project directly throughout the forebrain
and cortex and show their highest discharge rates during wakefulness. These cells
decrease their firing during NREM sleep and cease firing altogether during REM sleep.)
1.24. Adequate stimuli for the identification of food and initiation of eating in adults
include which of the following?
A. Olfactory stimuli
B. Temporal stimuli
C. Cognitive stimuli
D. Social stimuli
E. All of the above - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..E
(Adequate stimuli for the identification of food and initiation of eating in adults comprise
a bewildering farrago of olfactory, visual, auditory, temporal, circadian, metabolic,
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