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Biology 210- genetics final exam cumulative
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Biology 210- genetics final exam cumulative
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BIOLOGY 210- GENETICS FINAL EXAM CUMULATIVEQUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
define llgene ll- lla llsegment llof llDNA llthat llcodes llfor lla llfunctional llproduct llthat llinfluences lla llphenotype
ll(mostly llproteins, llsometimes llRNA)
define llmutation ll- llchanges llin llDNA llthat lllead llto lla llnew llor llaltered llgenes/ lltrain, lland llends llup
llcontributing llto llevolution
explain llthe lldifferent lllevels llof llgenetic llstudy ll(molecular, llcellular, llorganismal, llpopulation) ll-
llmolecular: llDNA, llRNA, llpolypeptides/ llproteins
cellular: llproteins llaffect llthe llstructure, llfunction, lland llother llcharacteristic llof lla llcell
organismal: lltraits llof llan llorganism llare lldetermined llby llthe llcharacteristics llof llits llcells
population: llorganisms llof llthe llsame llspecies llhave llvarious lltraits llthat llaffect llfitness llof llthat llspecies
define llalleles ll- llgene llvariation, lldifferent llversion llof llthe llsame llgene, lllead llto llgenetic lldiversity llin lla
llpopulation
define llasexual llreproduction ll- lloffspring llare llclones llof llparents lland lldiversity llarises llfrom llmutation
lland llhorizontal llgene lltransfers
define llsexual llreproduction ll- lloffspring llgenetically llunique llfrom llparent, llrandom llfertilization llleads llto
lldifferent llparental llcombination llof llgenes/ llalleles, lloffpsring llwill llhave ll2 llsets llof llgenetic llinfo ll(one
llmaternal llone llpaternal)
Define llchromosome ll- lllarge llpiece llof llDNA llthat llcontains llmost llor llall llof llthe llgenetic llmaterial llof lla
llcell
define llchromatin ll- llmixture llof llprotein lland llchromosomes
define llprokaryotic llas lla llcell lltype ll- llsingle llcelled llless llcomplex llgenomes llreproduce llasexually, llhave lla
llsingle llchromosome, lllike llbacteria lland llarchea, lllack llnuclei
, define lleukaryote llas lla llcell lltype ll- llsome llsingle llcelled lland llsome llmuulticellular, llchromosomes llcarried
llin llnucleus, llhave llhomologous llchromosomes, llmost llreproduce llsexually llbut llsome llasexually
describe llthe llprocess llof llbinary llfission ll- ll1. llparent llcell llreplicates llits llsingle llchromosome
2. lla llring llforms llin llthe llcenter llof llthe llcell llthat llseparates llthe llchromosome llcopies
3. llthe llcell lldivides, lland lleach llnew llcell llreceives lla llcopy llof llthe llchromosome
4. llthe llparent llcell llhas lldivided lland llis llnow llsplit llinto ll2 lldaughter llcells
describe llthe llphases llof llinterphase ll- llG1: llpreparation llfor llchromosomes llreplication lland lldivision
S: llchromosome llreplication llthat llproduces llsister llchromatids
G2: llaccumulation llof llmaterials llnecessary llfor lldivision
define llthe ll3 lltypes llof llmicrotubules llthat llare llapart llof llthe llmitotic llspindle ll- llastral llmicrotubules:
llanchor llcentromes llin llplace llin llthe llcell
polar llmicrotuules: llpush llcell llpoles llapart
kinetochore llmicrotubules: llattach llto llkinetochore llproteins llsurrounding llcentromeres
describe llprophase ll- llchromosomes llcondense llto llmake llthem lleasier llto llseparate, llcentrosomes llmove
llto llopposite llsides llof llthe llcell
describe llprometaphase ll- llcentrrsomes llbegin llforming llmicrotubules, llkinetochore llmicrotubules llattach
llto llkinetochore llproteins llof llsister llchromatids
describe llmetaphase ll- llsister llchromatids ll(still llconnected) llalign llin llthe llcenter llof llthe llcell llat llthe
llmetaphase llplate, lleach llchromatid llof lla llpair llis llattached llto lla llkinetochore llmicrotubule
describe llanaphase ll- llsister llchromatids llhave llbroken llapart, lleach llchromatid llpulled llto llopposite llsides
llof llthe llcell llvia llkinetochore llmictorubules, llpolar llmicrotubules llpush llagainst lleach llother llto llelongate
llthe llcell
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