HIEU 201 - Final Exam - Spring 2015
An important leader in the Reformation of Germany? - ANS-Martin Luther
Causes and conditions for the Plague? - ANS-Climate, over population, famine.
Describe the economic reason for the Renaissance's beginnings in Italy. - ANS-Increase in
commerce and trade lead to a rise of towns and allowed for a channel for goods from the East.
Italy was a bridge between the East and the West. The wealth of the Italian city states allowed
for this growth. The wealth was now in the form of money rather than land as it had been in the
past. Although they wren't using money regularly. They'd started to develop some modern
banking practices such as allowing for the merchants to become essentially lenders of money
since the merchants were wealthy. This contributed to the social change here because the
merchants didn't fit into any particular social class which lead to a shift in the social culture.
Conflicts between the merchants and lords ensued.
Describe the political reasons for the Renaissance's beginnings in Italy. - ANS-
Describe the significance of the Medici family in the history of the Italian Renaissance? - ANS-1.
Merchants who worked their way up to rise to power
2. They effected religion by infiltrating the church which also covered politics.
3. They increased wealth for everyone.
4. They lead to an equation of art with power which went along with humanism because of the
focus on the good qualities of man. And art being used as a political tool
5. Lorenzo never actually takes any power but has a significant influence in various areas
6. Medici family opens the window for art existing outside of the church and being
commissioned outside of the church.
Development of the Papacy - ANS-1. Gregory the Great: renowned wealth, became a monk,
was most important authority figure , He had works of theology and was the 4th doctor of the
Latin Church
2. Urban the 2nd: Called the first crusade which enhanced papal power. Made himself look
successful and powerful by calling an army into battle. Which showed his relationship to secular
authority when he was requested for help.
3. Innocent the 3rd: The height of papal power because he fully asserted the power of the
papacy and made it the center of political life. He also called the fourth Crusade but the
culminating expression of his power was at the Fourth Lateran Council where the power of the
papacy was upheld though degrees and the Eucharist was declared to actually be the blood and
body of Christ which but the priest at the alter as God's agent in the "miracle"
4. The Avignon Papacy: Causes confusion in the Catholic church and is the beginning of the
decline. Too many popes.
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