HIEU 2041: Terms #4
Appius Claudius Pulcher - ANS--allied with Tiberius Gracchus; backed his land reform bill in 133
BC
-commissioner for the division of public lands; died shortly after Tiberius' assassination
-showed how politicians were finally trying to respond to the issues of the Agrarian Problem, but
also the magnitude of the opposition they faced - this reluctance to solve Rome's problems
would lead to increasing civil strife
B. of Arausio (105 BC) - ANS--significant Roman loss to the Cimbri and Teutoni (German
barbarians migrating into Gaul)
-after this loss, Marius appointed as consul to lead war --> successful, becomes known as the
princeps
-appointed consul for 4 years --> shows how Romans started to use extraordinary commands to
in order to face their external threats
Cimbri and Teutoni - ANS--German barbarians that migrated into Gaul; beat Romans at Battle of
Arausio in 105 BC, eventually defeated by Marius
-the magnitude of threat led Marius to be appointed consul 4 consecutive years - Romans
started to use extraordinary commands to face external threats; after their defeat Marius
became princeps
contio - ANS--public meeting convened by a magistrate, often used for public discussion of
proposed legislation
NEED SIGNIFICANCE!!!
Equestrians - ANS--constituted the lower of the two aristocratic classes, below patricians
-important political class that popularis politicians often appealed to for personal political gain,
i.e. Gaius Gracchus with Acilian Law in 122 BC included more equestrians in the court which
made equestrians more conscious of their power and special interests, more fighting with
Senate
-after Marian military reforms when patricians and nobiles largely stopped serving in military,
equestrians made up backbone of military leadership
Gaius Marius - ANS--successful Roman general and consul;died in 86 BC
-Marian military reforms, especially recruitment of proletarii, contributed to the
professionalization of military, declining aristocratic participation in military, and growing loyalty
of soldiers to their generals rather than to Rome
-The struggle with Sulla led to the deaths of numerous distinguished Roman senators and set a
precedent for the civil wars to come that led to fall of Republic.
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus - ANS--tribune 123-122 BC
, -popularis policies: judicial, economic, social, and imperial reforms
-staunchly resisted by optimates/conservatives; passed senatus consultum ultimum - Opimius
kills Gaius
-watershed moment in Roman politics: new dimension to politics by raising popular issues so
now all politicians have to appeal in one way or another to groups of the people; increasing use
of political violence against opposition; move beyond the constitution; opposition of
conservatives to solving many of the major issues of the day (inertia fights change)
iugerum/iugera - ANS--acre/acres
-typical small farmers owned land of only several iugera, but with the arrival of cheap slave labor
the wealthy began building latifundia of many iugera (more efficient for slave labor on large
estates)
-led to civil strife because of landless men in the 2nd century - Agrarian Problem
J. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus - ANS--chief commander in Jugorthine War until replaced by
Marius (despite Metellus' successes) in 107 BC
-became main leader in Senate of conservative aristocratic faction, opposing the popularis
Marius and Saturninus - was unable to stop their proposals
-forced in exile
-important because shows the divide between conservative aristocrats and popularis; how
viciously ambitious people were - drive out the opposition
-increasing political conflicts led to fall of Roman Republic
Jugurtha - ANS--king of Jugurtha that caused the Jugorthine War (111-105 BC)
-incompetent commanders = Roman losses; appoint Gaius Marius (nous homo) as consul to
beat them
-was important in the rise of Marius to princeps
-important because willing to use novus homo to defeat external threats
jurisconsults - ANS--class of specialists learned in the law; but it was the advocates (i.e. Cicero),
not jurisconsults, who argued in court; consult people on the law
-important because knowledge of the law became a skill that increased dignitas (no longer
strictly reliant on military service; times have changed since Hellenization
L. Appuleius Saturninus - ANS--popularis tribune and political ally of Gaius Marius
-sympathetic to popul;ar measures (i.e. lower grain prices, land for veterans) but angers senate,
who obstruct him through rioting and violence, assassinate in 100 BC
-Saturninus's policies as tribune and the vehement senatorial response to them marked a
further step in the spiraling violence that was to lead to the fall of the Roman Republic.
L. Cornelius Cinna - ANS--consul from 87-84 BC
-Exacerbated tensions between Sulla and Marius by reviving anti-Sullan proposals; expelled
from city but returned with Marius to murder many of Sulla's followers; later murdered in mutiny
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