What is physiology? - ✔️✔️- the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component
parts, including chemical and physical processes
- "knowledge of nature"
What are emergent properties? - ✔️✔️properties of a complex system that cannot be explained by a
knowledge of a systems individual components
What do emergent properties result from? - ✔️✔️from complex, nonlinear interactions of the systems
different components
What are some examples of emergent properties? - ✔️✔️- emotion or intelligence in humans cannot be
predicted from knowing the individual properties of nerve cells
- the human genome project (pg 2 in textbokk)
What are the levels of organization? - ✔️✔️Chemistry, Molecular biology, Cell Biology, Physiology, Ecology
What are cells? - ✔️✔️smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out life processes
What are tissues? - ✔️✔️Collection of cells carrying out related functions
what are organs? - ✔️✔️formation of tissues into a structural and functional unit
What are organ systems? - ✔️✔️integrated groups of organs
What is the function or "why" approach? - ✔️✔️- teleological approach that looks at the function and
adaptive significance of a physiological event
,What is the mechanism or "how" approach? - ✔️✔️- considered a mechanism approach
- how a process occurs
does Physiology focus on mechanism or teleological approach? - ✔️✔️mechanism
what is homeostasis? - ✔️✔️the ability to maintain and relatively stable internal environment in spite of
exposure to external variability
what are variables in body that maintain homeostasis? - ✔️✔️blood pressure, bodytemp, ion/molecule
concentration, gas partial pressures, etc.
T or F - homeostasis and regulation of the internal environment are key principles in physiology? -
✔️✔️True
What are some examples of external change? - ✔️✔️- toxic chemicals
- physical trauma
- foreign invaders (bacteria or viruses)
what are some examples of internal change? - ✔️✔️- abnormal cell growth
- autoimmune disorders
- genetic disorders
what is important for the internal environment of the body? - ✔️✔️- constancy (most cells are not
tolerant to changes in their surroundings)
- Extracellular fluid (ECF)
- Dynamic steady state (materials constantly moving back and forth)
what is extracellular fluid (ECF)? - ✔️✔️surrounding cells and is a buffer between cells and external
environment
,what is the law of mass balance? - ✔️✔️if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant,
any gain must be offset by an equal loss
how do you maintain constant level of mass balance? - ✔️✔️input and output must be equal
what are some examples of input in the body? - ✔️✔️intake through intestine, lungs, skin
what are some examples of output in the body? - ✔️✔️excretion by kidneys, liver, lung, skin
what are the two type of control systems? - ✔️✔️local and reflex
What order do these steps happen?
integrating center, output signal, input signal and response - ✔️✔️1. input signal
2. integrating center
3. output signal
4. response
what does local control do? - ✔️✔️turns active cells to reduced O2 levels in tissue.
what cells send local signals in local control? - ✔️✔️Endothelial cells
what is the result from local control? - ✔️✔️- causes smooth muscle to relax and allow more oxygen to
capillary
- O2 levels in tissue restored
what does reflex control refer to? - ✔️✔️any long distance pathway that uses the nervous, endocrine
system or both
what does reflex control uses in its process? - ✔️✔️uses long-distance signaling
, what two parts in the reflex control broken down into? - ✔️✔️- the response loop
- the feedback loop
what is the response loop? - ✔️✔️When some kind of change is detected that needs a response
What is the feedback loop? - ✔️✔️- modulates the response loop
- feeds back to ultimately influence the input
what is the order of these steps in the reflex control?
sensor, integrating center, response, stimulus, output signal, target, input signal - ✔️✔️1. Stimulus
2. sensor
3. input signal
4. integrating center
5. output signal
6. target
7. response
what are some examples of when reflex control is antagonistic (showing or feeling active opposition or
hostility toward someone or something)? - ✔️✔️- heater and air conditioner
- in the body dual control of heart rate
What is local control? - ✔️✔️regulate homeostasis in restricted region
what is reflex control? - ✔️✔️regulate homeostasis systemically through use of response or feedback loop
involving the nervous and/or endocrine system
what are negative feedback loops? - ✔️✔️a pathway in which the response opposes or removes the
stimulus signal is known as negative feedback
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