apoE - ANS--chlyomicron remnants, VLDL, DL
-binds to LDL receptors
-assoaciated with alzhiemers disease
beta oxidation - ANS--stimulated by glucagon
-removal of 2-carbon units by the oxidation of carbon on the fatty acyl coA molecule
-4 stages- dehydrogenation (removal of H), hydration (adding water), another
dehydrogenation and then cleavage
bile - ANS--Water - 97%
-Solids - 3%
-bile acid is synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
-bile is released form the gallbladder in repsonse to cholecystokinin
-they emulsify lipid digestion products to facilitate their incorporation into micelles
bile acids on health and disease - ANS--increase energy expenditure
-maintain lipid homeostasis by reducing liver TG and cholesterol synthesis
-help maintain glucose homeostasis by improving insulin sensativity
modulate immune response
CETP (cholesterol ester transfer protein) - ANS-uAllows cellular cholesterol to be
returned to the liver through the LDL-receptor pathway as well as the HDL-receptor
pathway
Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) - ANS--signals gallbladder to contract
delivering bile salts to the intestinal lumen
-pancreas to release trypsinogen, procolipase, lipase and cholesterol esterase
-enterocytes to release enteropeptidase into the gut lumen
, cholesterol - ANS-a type of steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes and a
precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
-Cholesterol is a very important biological molecule with roles in membrane structure
and as a precursor for the synthesis of the steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids.
-Both dietary and de novo cholesterol are transported through the circulation in
lipoprotein particles. The same is true of cholesteryl esters, the form in which most
cholesterol is found in the diet and stored in cells.
chylomicron - ANS--Exogenous lipid transport
-Assembled in enterocyte ER membrane, exported by Golgi apparatus - 98% lipid
-Leave intestine via lymphatic system, enter circulation at left subclavian vein (thoracic
duct)
-Contain apoB-48 and apoA-I, A-II and AIV
-Acquire apoC-I, C-II, C-III, apoE from HDLs
-Apo C-II enables LPL to "strip off" some TGs, leaving chylo remnant
napoA and apoC-I, C-II and C-III given back to HDLs
-Chylo remnant taken up by liver via apoE docking with chylo remnant receptor (many
say this is the LDL receptor)
chylomicron - ANS--in the intestine
-mostly TAG's
consequences of lipid peroxidation on cells - ANS--increase Ca inlfux
-loss of enzyme and receptor activity
-loss of integrity
-loss of PUFAs
COX-1 - ANS--present in most cells, housekeeping enzyme for normal function of
kidneys, GI tract, hemostasis, autocrine repsonse
-inhibited by NSAIDS
COX-2 - ANS-Present in vascular endothelium, rheumatoid synovial endothelial cells,
monocytes and macrophages; inducible activity increased during inflammation through
various inflammatory mediators
-inhibited by NSAIDS
CVD - ANS--CVD = disease of heart and/or blood vessels. Prevalence: 126.9M (49.2%)
of adults. Leading cause of death: 874,613; cancer is #2. CVD includes (but is not
limited to):
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