alveoli epithelial cells - Type I alveolar cells (alveolar structure)
Type II alveolar cells (surfactant production)
1.Which of the following is TRUE regarding the pulmonary system?
A.Each lobe is divided into bronchi.
B.The left lobe is divided into three lobes.
C.The mediastinum contains the lungs and heart.
D.The larynx connects the upper and lower airways. - Correct Answer: D
The larynx connects the upper and lower airways. The mediastinum is located between
the lungs and contains the heart, great vessels, andesophagus. The right lung has three
lobes, and the left lung has two. Each lobe is divided into segments and lobules
Neurochemical control: Respiratory center - •Dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
•Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
Neurochemical control: Chemoreceptors: - Central chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Muscles of Breathing: Major muscles of inspiration - Diaphragm
External intercostals
Muscles of Breathing: Accessory muscles of inspiration - ØSternocleidomastoid muscle
ØScalene muscles
Mechanics of Breathing: Gas Transport - Four steps
ØVentilation of the lungs
ØDiffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood
ØPerfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
ØDiffusion of oxygen from systemic capillaries into the cells
Diffusion of CO2 occurs in reverse order
1.A patient has bulbous enlargement of the distal segments of the fingers. Which
disease is associated with this condition?
This condition describes clubbing, in which there is enlargement of the distal segment of
the finger. It is associated with conditions of decreased oxygenation such as
bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung abscess, and congenital heart
disease.
Open pneumothorax - An open wound to the chest that allows air to enter the pleural
space and cause lung collapse
tension pneumothorax - a pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the pleural
space causing severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart
and great vessels.
Spontaneous (primary) pneumothorax - Occurs in the absence of a traumatic injury to
the chest or a known lung disease
secondary pneumothorax - Underlying lung disease leads to weakened small airways
which collapse with respirations.
Pleural effusion - fluid in pleural space
ØTransudative (watery)
ØExudative (WBCs and plasma proteins)
ØHemothorax (blood)
ØEmpyema (pus)
Chylothorax (chyle)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - ØAcute lung inflammation and diffuse
alveolocapillary injury that results from injury or severe inflammation
•Bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph
•Low ratio of PaO2 to FiO2
ØThree phases:
•Exudative (within 72 hours)
•Proliferative (4 to 21 days)
•Fibrotic (14 to 21 days)
2.Which of the following is TRUE regarding acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS)?
A.It is caused by injury to the bronchioles.
B.It can cause severe pulmonary edema.
C.It is most commonly caused by exposure to inhaled irritants.
D.Macrophages are not involved in response. - Correct Answer: B
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by damage that is done to
the alveolar capillary membrane and causes severe pulmonary edema. The most
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller VasilyKichigin. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.48. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
