Cell Atrophy - decrease in cell size
If enough cells affected, organ shrinks
Atrophy - The same changes occur whether it is normal or pathologic
Cell Hypertrophy - increase in cell size
Increase in organ size
Cell Hyperplasia - increase in number of cells
Increased rate of cellular division
Compensatory hyperplasia - adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to
regenerate (liver, intestines,skin)
Also callus from mechanical injury
Wound healing
Physiologic hyperplasia types - Compensatory - enables organs to regenerate (callus,
skin, liver)
Hormonal - in organs that respond to endocrine hormonal control (ovary) - maintains
normal function
Pathologic hormonal hyperplasia - Hormonal - abnormal proliferation of normal cells
BPH, thick endometrium
Cell Metaplasia - Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, less
mature cell type or a change in cell phenotype
Associated with tissue damage, repair, regeneration
Reprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Cell Dysplasia - Deranged cellular growth. Not considered a true cellular adaptation but
rather atypical hyperplasia.
Dysplasia - Abnormal changes in size, shape, organization of mature cells
May be reversible if triggering stimulus is removed
Tissue appears disorderly but is not cancer
If changes penetrate basement membrane: invasive neoplasm
Physiologic Atrophy - Normal event
Occurs with early development, i.e. thymus gland
Age-related changes
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