Threats to internal validity of a study (history) - An event that happens at the same time
you're conducting the research. For example: A research team is conducting a national
study on adolescent anxiety and social media usage. This study started in January
2020. COVID shutdowns occurred shortly after, and the research team has to
acknowledge that the pandemic is an event that could definitely have altered the way
that the subjects in the study interacted with social media and how the intervention
worked
Threats to internal validity of a study (maturation) - Refers simply to the passage of time
and how that may change the participants. The longer the intervention, the more likely it
is that maturation plays a role. For example: Among a group of adolescents, whether or
not an increase in the ability to modulate impulse control is due to the intervention or
simply regular adolescent brain development could be unclear.
Threats to internal validity of a study (instrumentation) - This refers to the way that the
dependent variable is measured pre- and posttest. This can mean changing the
instrument, changing the way the instrument is scored, changing the protocol during
data collection, or changing the way you measure the dependent variable. For example:
the pretest is conducted over the phone with the client and the posttest is conducted in
person.
Why research is important to social workers—CSWE requirements and NASW code of
ethics - The CSWE, or council on social work education, is the accrediting body for
social work programs. 2 social work competencies that social work programs must
address are related to research.
Why research is important to social workers—CSWE requirements and NASW code of
ethics (Competency 4) - Competency 4: Engage in Practice-Informed Research and
Research-Informed Practice: Social workers understand quantitative and qualitative
research methods and their respective roles in advancing a science of social work and
in evaluating their practice.
Why research is important to social workers—CSWE requirements and NASW code of
ethics (Competency 9) - Competency 9: Evaluate Practice with Individuals, Families,
Groups, Organizations, and Communities: Social workers understand that evaluation is
an ongoing component of the dynamic and interactive process of social work practice
with, and on behalf of, diverse individuals, families, groups, organizations, and
communities. Social workers recognize the importance of evaluating processes and
outcomes to advance practice, policy, and service delivery effectiveness. Social workers
understand theories of human behavior and the social environment, and critically
evaluate and apply this knowledge in evaluating outcomes. Social workers understand
qualitative and quantitative methods for evaluating outcomes and practice effectiveness.
, Evidence-based practice - · EBP is a process, ideally a systematic process, in which
social workers or other professionals gather evidence to apply to a particular problem —
such as identifying the best treatment or intervention for a certain practice issue.
Typically, it starts with a question
STEPS IN EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
Step 1: Develop a Well-Built Question
Step 2: Search for Evidence/Literature
Step 3: Evaluate the Evidence Found on an Intervention
Step 4: Consider Evidence Conjointly with Client Preferences and Practitioner Expertise
and Launch Intervention
Step 5: Evaluate the Intervention's Outcomes
Scientific Method - A series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting
data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Step 1: Observing/experiencing a problem that leads to a question
Step 2: Gathering information about the question. (Does an answer already exist?)
Step 3: A hypothesis (educated guess) is made as to what may be causing or
contributing to the problem—or what might resolve it
Step 4: A study is conceptualized
Step 5: The data are collected Step 6: The data are analyzed and interpreted Step 7: A
report is written
Research questions - Research questions should be specific enough that they can be
answered/studied in a way that they can be replicated by other researchers.
Hypothesis - A hypothesis is a statement that makes a prediction about the relationship
between two or more variables.
null hypothesis - Predicts that there is no relationship between variables.
directional hypotheses - Predicts a positive or negative relationship between variables.
Relation of theory to research - Theory and research have a complex interrelationship.
Theories generate hypotheses that can be proven or disproved by research, the results
of which may cause the theory to be strengthened. The results of research may also call
a theory into question, causing it to be rejected or revised.
Purpose of a Literature Review in a proposal or paper. - To ensure that you're not just
repeating what others have already done. To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved
problems that your research can address. To develop your theoretical framework and
methodology. To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic.
Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing
research and what new insights it will contribute.
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