GE2000 Exam 3 Final State Questions
and Answers
know why, where and how earthquakes occur - CORRECT ANSWER-Energy that is
released when:
a) brittle earth material fails and forms a new fault
b) slip occurs on an existing fault
occur along plate boundaries, volcanoes, landslides...
GE2000 Exam 3 Final State Questions
and Answers
know why, where and how earthquakes occur - CORRECT ANSWER-Energy that is
released when:
a) brittle earth material fails and forms a new fault
b) slip occurs on an existing fault
occur along plate boundaries, volcanoes, landslides, meteorite impacts, explosions,
nuclear blasts, etc.
know the characteristics and differences between seismic P, S, and Surface waves -
CORRECT ANSWER-P Wave - Primary wave (P-wave)
- Fastest velocity, first to arrive (~6.1 km/second)
- Compressional wave
- Elastic deformation of rock is in the direction of wave propagation
S wave - Secondary and shear wave
- slower than the P-wave (4.1 km/sec)
- deformation is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
- shear can be polarized vertically or horizontally
- can't travel through liquids - (requires material to have shear strength)
Surface Waves
- manifestation of P and S waves (body waves) at the surface
- slowest velocity, but least attenuation with distance - travel furthest - large surface
waves would have amplitudes of a few cm
- exhibit a lower frequency than body waves
- Two types: Love and Rayleigh
know how a seismograph works - CORRECT ANSWER-During an earthquake, ground-
shaking seismic waves radiate outward from the quake source, called the epicenter.
Different types of seismic waves travel at different speeds and through different parts of
the Earth during a quake.
know how an earthquake is located - know how to calculate the distance between a
seismometer and an epicenter - CORRECT ANSWER-- guess a location, depth and
origin time; compare the predicted arrival times of the wave from your guessed location
with the observed times at each station; then move the location a little in the direction
that reduces the difference between the observed and calculated times.
- Measure the difference in arrival times between the first shear (s) wave and the first
compressional (p) wave, which can be interpreted from the seismogram. Multiply the
, difference by 8.4 to estimate the distance, in kilometers, from the seismographstation to
the epicenter.
know how seismic waves are used to study the structure of the Earth's interior -
CORRECT ANSWER-As seismic wavespass through the Earth, they are refracted, or
bent, like rays of light bend when they pass though a glass prism.
know numerical relationships between earthquake shaking, earthquake energy, and
magnitude - CORRECT ANSWER-
know what the Mercalli Index represents - CORRECT ANSWER-A Measure of Intensity
(destructiveness)
know what the Richter magnitude represents, the numerical relationship between
magnitudes, and some of its shortcomings. - CORRECT ANSWER-- Based on the
amplitude of the largest P or S wave
- Correction for distance
- Representative of the intensity of ground shaking
- Based on the amplitude of the largest P or S wave
- Correction for distance
- Representative of the intensity of ground shaking
Seismic moment = rock strength x surface area of rupture x amount of rock
displacement
know what the moment magnitude scale is based on, what it measures, and the
numerical relationship between different magnitudes - CORRECT ANSWER--
representative of energy release
- Seismic moment = rock strength x surface area of rupture x amount of rock
displacement
- Each increase in magnitude = ~ 30x increase in energy release!
know how seismic waves behave in the earth - how and why velocity, direction and
wave amplitude changes - CORRECT ANSWER-- Seismic energy propagates as
elastic waves, and therefore depends on the elastic properties of the rock:
a) bulk modulus (modulus of incompressibility) - how compressible a volume of rock is
when volumetric strain is applied
b) shear modulus (modulus of rigidity) - resistance of the rock to shearing forces
- more rigid the rock, the faster the velocity.
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