psychology - the scientific study of behaviour
behaviour - organisms observable actions and responses to the environment - not exclusively human
science - an incremental process for knowledge aquisition based on measurement and testing
scientific method - a method of procedure consisting i...
HPS111 Questions and Answers 2024
psychology - the scientific study of behaviour
behaviour - organisms observable actions and responses to the environment - not
exclusively human
science - an incremental process for knowledge aquisition based on measurement
and testing
scientific method - a method of procedure consisting in systematic observation,
measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of
hypotheses
behavioural psychologist - focused on observable behaviours and their relationship
with environmental factors
cognitive psychologist - interested in mental processes - thinking, attention and
memory
social psychology - concerned with how we influence one another and operate in
societies - norms, culture and conflict
psychology and health - behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare -
concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors
contribute to physical health and illness
,educational psychology - working in education study the social, emotional and
cognitive processes involved in learning and apply their findings to improve the
learning process
automatic responses - reflexes and instincts - allow individuals to respond to
stimuli - move away from hot things, avoid dark areas at night
reflex - simple, automatic and near instantaneous reaction to stimuli - one stimulus,
one simple response
instinct - tendency of an organism to show more complex behaviours (or patterns
of behaviour) in response to stimuli
fight, flight, freeze - increased heart rate, shaking, sweating and tunnel vision,
response to stress or fear - automatic nervous system floods body with adrenaline,
prepares the body to fight or flee, can also cause a freeze
comparative psychology - study of animals in order to compare with humans
diving reflex - makes babies hold their breath underwater and slows heart rate,
very reliable reflex, seen also in sheep, rabbits, rats and aquatic animals
rooting reflex - baby turns to face and object that brushes its cheeck
sucking reflex - babies sucking on anything that touches the roof of their mouth
theory - an idea based around relevant knowledge that is not yet proven correct or
incorrect
, natural selection - theory of evolution that ancestors who survive pass on reflexes
that they had, as they 'aided' in their survival
selection pressure - where the environment is biased in favour of one characteristic,
dark moth blending into dark moss therefore the light moths die
evolution backwards looking - species adapt to what was best for their
predecessors, not whats best for current survival
elements of emotion - ABC - activation, behaviour, cognition
-psychological activation = energy
-behavioural response to environment
-cognitive appraisal = determine feeling
expressive behaviour - signal the behaviour being felt - frowning, smiling -
representation of internal feelings
instrumental behaviour - doing something about the emotion being felt - honking
the horn, yelling
affect - current feelinfs
mood - feelings over a longer period of time - week, days
emotions are primitive - considered so because theyre innate and consistent across
cultures
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