List some possible etiologies for pulmonary hypertension.
Ans- An access of blood flowing through the pulmonary artery. Reduction in
the caliber of the pulmonary vasculature (vasoconstriction) either: (A)Primaryunknown cause (B)Secondary- due to long-standing pulmonary congestion due to
left ...
List some possible etiologies for pulmonary hypertension.
Ans- An access of blood flowing through the pulmonary artery. Reduction in
the caliber of the pulmonary vasculature (vasoconstriction) either: (A)Primary-
unknown cause (B)Secondary- due to long-standing pulmonary congestion due to
left heart failure.
Why might there be a volume overload in the pulmonary arteries?
Ans- This is usually due to a shunt, where blood flows directly from the left
side of the heart to the right. This results in an imbalance of stroke volume
(more out of the right side than the left). These shunts are either septal
defects (ASD, VSD) or a patient ductus arteriosus.
,What might cause pulmonary congestion (other than the volume overload
described above)?
Ans- Pulmonary congestion if not due to extra blood coming in, is do to left
heart failure. This creates a pressure and volume overload to the lungs, which
then become congested and overtime leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction and
pulmonary hypertension.
What is the difference between primary and secondary pulmonary
hypertension?
Ans- Primary pulmonary hypertension is when there is no other underlying
disease or condition. The problem is simply too much resistance in the pulmonary
arteries due to pulmonary vasoconstriction. Secondary pulmonary hypertension
can be due to COPD, left heart failure, or congenital defects, or thoracic cage
and Neromuscular system abnormalities, and acute or chronic pulmonary
thromboembolism
What are some possible symptoms of pulmonary hypertension?
, Ans- Shortness of breath without activity, cough, fatigue, dizziness, chest
pain or pressure, rapid heartbeat, swelling of the ankles legs and abdomen,
cyanosis.
If left untreated, pulmonary hypertension can lead to which sided heart failure?
What are some complications of this type of heart failure?
Ans- Pulmonary hypertension will eventually lead to right heart failure (due to
the pressure overload). Once the right heart fails, the chambers will dialate
(Now volume overload) and cause the vessels leading to the right heart to
become congested. Eventually fluid will build up in the tissues (edema, ascites,
spleno- and hepatomegaly, Etc.).
Pulmonary hypertension will first cause what to the right ventricle? After a
brief period, the right ventricle will then begin to fail. What might we see once
this happens? Specifically, how might the tricuspid valve be affected?
Ans- Pulmonary hypertension will first cause the right ventricle to hypertrophy
(muscle becomes thick). The myocardium will fail and then The ventricle will
dilate. If the wall of the right ventricle and the annulus of the tricuspid valve
becomes too stretched, it will lead to functional tricuspid regurge.
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