PBH 354 exam 1 || All Questions Answered Correctly.
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Course
PBH 354
Institution
PBH 354
Epidemiology definition correct answers The study of the distribution and
determinants of health related states
or events in specified populations,
and the application of this study to
the prevention and control of health
problems
Underlying premise of epidemiology correct answers disease d...
PBH 354 exam 1 || All Questions Answered Correctly.
Epidemiology definition correct answers The study of the distribution and
determinants of health related states
or events in specified populations,
and the application of this study to
the prevention and control of health
problems
Underlying premise of epidemiology correct answers disease distributions are not random (not due to chance alone)
Epidemiology investigates what types of health outcomes? correct answers - Infectious diseases
- Chronic diseases
- Disability, injury, limitation of activity
- Mortality
- Active life expectancy
- Mental illness, suicide, drug addiction
Mortality correct answers Number of deaths recorded divided by the total population
morbidity correct answers number with a disease out of a population at one moment.
Aims and Levels of Epidemiology correct answers • To describe the health status of
populations
• To explain the etiology of disease
• To predict the occurrence of disease
• To control the occurrence of disease
Common Assumptions of
Epidemiology correct answers Human disease does not occur at random
• Human disease has causal and preventive
factors that can be identified through
systematic investigation of different
populations or subgroups of individuals
within a population in different places or
at different times
Examples of determinants correct answers • Biologic agents—bacteria
• Chemical agents—carcinogens
• Less specific factors—stress,
drinking, sedentary lifestyle, or highfat
diet Characteristics that determine effectiveness of a vector correct answers Agent (causes the disease), Host, Environmental surroundings
primary intervention correct answers prevents initial development of disease by eliminating exposure/risk factor Active --> requires behavior change on the part of the individual
Passive --> does not require individual behavior change (community level intervention)
Secondary intervention correct answers Early detection allows us to reduce severity/complications
if subclinical disease is detected, treat aggressively to prevent clinical disease manifestation
Tertiary Intervention correct answers Reduces the impact of the disease (ie rehab)
slow the pathology, cure with intervention
Miasma Theory of Disease correct answers William Farr - 19th Century - stated that bad air was generated from rotting organic matter and caused most epidemic disease. Farr also advocated for the recording of death statistics in the UK.
John Snow correct answers Linked water as source for cholera. Shoe leather epidemiologist in the early 1900s
Landmark Epidemiology
Studies correct answers Fluoride Supplementation (1940s)
Framingham Heart Study (1948)
Salk Vaccine Field Trial (1954)
Smoking and Health (1964)
John Graunt correct answers First to calculate epdiemic morbidity and mortality data in london in 1662
Edward Jenner correct answers 18th century english doctor credited with finding that cow pox victims didn't get small pox.
Historical Developments correct answers Alexander Fleming --> discovered antimicrobial properties of mold, leading to antibiotic penicillin Alexander Langmuir --> CDC's epidemic intelligence service Wade Frost --> first prof of epi in US
Joseph Goldberger --> cure for pellagra
Ignaz Semmelweis correct answers 1850s physician in Vienna. Found that midwives had lower mortality rates for children because of cleaner hands than doctors. Intorduced the idea of
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