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HIEU 201 - Final Exam (1)
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HIEU 201 - Final Exam (1)
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HIEU201
-
Final
Exam
Aristocracy
-
ANS-a
class
of
hereditary
nobility
in
medieval
Europe;
a
warrior
class
who
shared
a
distinctive
lifestyle
based
on
the
institution
of
knighthood,
although
there
were
social
divisions
within
the
group
based
on
extremes
of
wealth.
Chivalry
-
ANS-the
ideal
of
civilized
behavior
that
emerged
among
the
nobility
in
the
eleventh
and
twelfth
centuries
under
the
influence
of
the
church;
a
code
of
ethics
that
knights
were
expected
to
uphold.
capitalism
-
ANS-beginning
in
the
Middle
Ages,
an
economic
system
in
which
people
invested
in
trade
and
goods
to
make
profits.
guilds
-
ANS-associations
of
people
with
common
interests
and
concerns,
especially
people
working
in
the
same
craft.
In
medieval
Europe,
guilds
came
to
control
much
of
the
production
process
and
to
restrict
entry
into
various
trades.
Bourgeoisie
-
ANS-inhabitants
(merchants
and
artisans)
of
boroughs
and
burghs
(towns).
commune
-
ANS-in
medieval
Europe,
an
association
of
townspeople
bound
together
by
a
sworn
oath
for
the
purpose
of
obtaining
basic
liberties
from
the
lord
of
the
territory
in
which
the
town
was
located;
also,
the
self-governing
town
after
receiving
its
liberties.
realists
-
ANS-subscribers
to
the
medieval
European
school
of
thought
that
held,
following
Plato,
that
the
individual
objects
we
perceive
are
not
real
but
merely
manifestations
of
universal
ideas
existing
in
the
mind
of
God.
nominalists
-
ANS-members
of
a
school
of
thought
in
medieval
Europe
that,
following
Aristotle,
held
that
only
individual
objects
are
real
and
that
universals
are
only
names
created
by
humans.
scholasticism
-
ANS-the
philosophical
and
theological
system
of
the
medieval
schools,
which
emphasized
rigorous
analysis
of
contradictory
authorities;
often
used
to
try
to
reconcile
faith
and
reason.
chanson
de
geste
-
ANS-a
form
of
vernacular
literature
in
the
High
Middle
Ages
that
consisted
of
heroic
epics
focusing
on
the
deeds
of
warriors. vernacular
-
ANS-the
everyday
language
of
a
region,
as
distinguished
from
a
language
used
for
special
purposes.
For
example,
in
medieval
Paris,
French
was
the
vernacular ,
but
Latin
was
used
for
academic
writing
and
for
classes
at
the
University
of
Paris.
Gothic
-
ANS-a
term
used
to
describe
the
art
and
especially
architecture
of
Europe
in
the
twelfth,
thirteenth,
and
fourteenth
centuries.
Romanesque
-
ANS-a
term
used
to
describe
the
art
and
especially
architecture
of
Europe
in
the
eleventh
and
twelfth
centuries.
Black
Death
-
ANS-the
outbreak
of
plague
(mostly
bubonic)
in
the
mid-fourteenth
century
that
killed
from
25
to
50
percent
of
Europe's
population.
Pogroms
-
ANS-organized
massacres
of
Jews.
Third
Estate
-
ANS-one
of
the
traditional
tripartite
divisions
(orders)
of
European
society
based
on
heredity
and
quality
rather
than
wealth
or
economic
standing,
first
established
in
the
Middle
Ages
and
continuing
into
the
eighteenth
century;
consisted
of
all
who
were
not
members
of
the
clergy
or
nobility
(the
first
two
estates).
Scutage
-
ANS-in
the
fourteenth
century ,
a
money
payment
for
military
service
that
replaced
the
obligation
of
military
service
in
the
lord-vassal
relationship.
Great
Schism
-
ANS-the
crisis
in
the
late
medieval
church
when
there
were
first
two
and
then
three
popes;
ended
by
the
Council
of
Constance
(1414-1418).
condottieri
-
ANS-leaders
of
bands
of
mercenary
soldiers
in
Renaissance
Italy
who
sold
their
services
to
the
highest
bidder .
Modern
Devotion
-
ANS-a
movement
founded
by
Gerard
Groote
in
the
fourteenth
century ,
aimed
at
a
practical
mysticism
based
on
leading
lives
serving
the
needs
of
fellow
human
beings.
conciliarism
-
ANS-a
movement
in
fourteenth-
and
fifteenth-century
Europe
that
held
that
final
authority
in
spiritual
matters
resided
with
a
general
church
council,
not
the
pope.
It
emerged
in
response
to
the
Avignon
papacy
and
the
Great
Schism
and
was
used
to
justify
the
summoning
of
the
Council
of
Constance
(1414--1418).
mysticism
-
ANS-the
immediate
experience
of
oneness
with
God.
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