test bank for principles of epidemiology for advan
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Principles of Epidemiology for Advan
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Test Bank for Principles of Epidemiology for Advanced
Nursing Practice by Mary Beth Zeni Chapter 1-11
Complete Guide
IASP definition of pain - ANSWER Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms
of such damage
Algesia - ANSWER Increased sensitivity to pain
Algogenic - ANSWER Pain producing
Allodynia - ANSWER A normally nonharmful stimulus is perceived as painful
Analgesia - ANSWER The absence of pain in the presence of a normally painful
stimulus
Dysesthesia - ANSWER An unpleasant painful abnormal sensation, whether
evoked or spontaneous
Neuralgia - ANSWER Pain in the distribution of a peripheral nerve
Neuropathy - ANSWER An abnormal disturbance in the function of a nerve
Paresthesia - ANSWER An abnormal sensation, whether spontaneous or evoked
Mechanoreceptors - ANSWER Cutaneous, touch, and pressure
Nociceptors - ANSWER Mediate potentially harmful stimuli, such as pain, extreme
heat/cold and is polymodal, inactive until stimulated
Chemoreceptors - ANSWER Stimulated by changes in chemical composition such
as taste, smell, O2, pH, and osmolality
Photoreceptors - ANSWER Rods and cones of the retina
Thermoreceptors - ANSWER Differentiate heat/cold, C fibers
Transduction - ANSWER Process by which noxious stimulus, mechanical, thermal
or chemical, is converted to an electrical impulse in sensory nerve endings
Transmission - ANSWER The conduction of electrical impulses to the CNS with
the major connections for these nerves being in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
and thalamus with projections to the cingulate, insular, and somatosensory cortexes
, Modulation - ANSWER Process of altering pain transmission. Both inhibitory and
excitatory mechanisms modulate pain impulse transmission in the PNS and CNS
Perception - ANSWER Occurs at the thalamus with the cortex being important for
discrimination of specific sensory experiences
Hyperalgesia - ANSWER A decrease in the pain threshold, or increased pain
sensation, in an area of inflammation that even trivial stimuli causes pain
Primary hyperalgesia - ANSWER At the original site of injury with decreased pain
threshold, increased response to suprathreshold, spontaneous pain and expansion
of receptive field
Secondary hyperalgesia - ANSWER At the uninjured skin or tissue around the
injury
Fast pain - ANSWER A short, well localized, stabling sensation that is matched to
the stimulus, resulting from A-delta fibers at 12 to 30m/s
Slow pain - ANSWER Characterized as a throbbing, burning, or aching sensation
that is poorly localized and less specifically related to the stimulus, resulting from C
fibers at 0.5 to 2m/s
Peripheral modulation - ANSWER Occurs by either liberation or elimination of
chemicals near the nociceptor, nociceptors are activated by the release of substance
P and gultamate.
Spinal modulation - ANSWER Results from the action of neurotransmitter
substances in the dorsal horn or from spinal reflexes, which convey efferent
impulses back to the peripheral nociceptive field
Supraspinal modulation - ANSWER Descending inhibitory tracts at the brainstem
level originate from cell bodies located in the region of the periaqueductal gray
matter. Analgesia is produced during electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray
matter.
Glutamate - ANSWER Excitatory amino acid released from presynaptic endings of
the primary afferent neurons terminating in the dorsal horn
NMDA receptors - ANSWER Postsynaptic to the primary afferent neuron being
located on the secondary afferent neuron
Central sensitization - ANSWER The increased excitability of secondary afferent
neurons evoked by neurochemical changes resulting from activation of NMDA
receptors
Enkephalins - ANSWER Cause presynaptic inhibition and postsynaptic inhibition of
incoming type C and A-delta pain fibers
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