Exam (elaborations)
NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW NOTES-VERIFIED
- Course
- NURS 611
- Institution
- Maryville University Of St. Louis
NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW NOTES-VERIFIED
[Show more]
Content preview
Page 1 of 15NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
REVIEW NOTES-VERIFIED
Cellular Biology & Genetics
1. Main components of the cell:
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small, dense structure
composed largely of RNA; most of the cellular DNA; and the DNA-
binding proteins, the histones, that regulate its activity. The DNA
chain in eukaryotic cells is so extensive that the risk of breakage
is high. Therefore, the histones binding to DNA cause DNA to fold
into chromosomes (see Fig. 1.2, C). The wrapping of DNA into
tight packages of chromosomes is essential for cell division in
eukaryotes.
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm
through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes (NPCs). These tiny ribosomes may float free in the
cytoplasm or attach themselves to the outer membranes of the
endoplasmic reticulum (see Fig. 1.1, A). Their chief function is to
provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
The Golgi complex (or Golgi apparatus) is a network of flattened,
smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the
nucleus of the cell (Fig. 1.4). Proteins from the endoplasmic
reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane-
bound sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles, The Golgi
complex is a refining plant and directs traffic (e.g., protein,
polynucleotide, polysaccharide molecules) in the cell.
NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW NOTES-VERIFIED
, Page 2 of 15
Lysosomes maintain cellular health:
• efficient removal of toxic cellular components
• removal of useless organelles,
• termination of signal transduction,
• signals cellular adaptation
They are signaling hubs of a sophisticated network for cellular
adaptation and
maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Aging can lead to
progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency and decline of the
regenerative capacity of organs and tissues.
Lysosomes are key. Altogether these components integrate
functions, such as nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell
stressors, and translate them into instructions that regulate
cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity. The
signaling functions have far-reaching implications for metabolic
regulation in health and in disease.
Mitochondria are organelles found in large numbers in most cells,
are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
The inner membrane contains the enzymes of the respiratory
chain—the name given to the electron-transport chain. These
enzymes are essential to the process of oxidative
phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP. Metabolic
pathways involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids,
and amino acids and special pathways involving urea and heme
synthesis are located in the mitochondrial matrix.
2. Apoptosis versus Necrosis. Cellular injuries from various causes
have different clinical and pathophysiologic manifestations.
Stresses from metabolic derangements may be associated with
intracellular accumulations and include carbohydrates, proteins,
and lipids. The most important changes are nuclear; clearly,
without a healthy nucleus, the cell cannot survive. The two main
types of cell death are necrosis and apoptosis.
Apoptosis: A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination of
unwanted cell populations.
NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW NOTES-VERIFIED
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Edumaxsolutions. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
71184 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now