WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Worksheets) SECTION 1-7|A+
GRADED.
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the
other? - ANWGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Worksheets) SECTION 1-7|A+
GRADED.
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the
other? - ANS-Hemodialysis uses a machine...
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Worksheets) SECTION 1 -7|A+ GRADED . What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the other? - ANS-Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in one tube while dialysate (made of water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube in the opposite direction . Waste from the blood diffuses through the semipermeable membrane separating the blood from the dialysate. Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a solution of water and glucose into the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The waste products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the waste solution is then drained from the body. Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less disruption to the patient's daily routines. However, it does require some training of the patient and is not recommended for individuals who are overweight or have severe kidney failure. Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for several hours sitting at a hospital or clinic. Individuals with acute kidney failure are recommended to use hemodialysis. How does homeostasis and maintaining optimal physiological health impact your wellbeing? - ANS-Homeostasis acts to create a constant and stable environment in the body despite internal and external changes. Proteins and other cellular processes require optimal conditions in order to carry out their functions. Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, glucose levels, etc. can have negative effects on health, so it is vital for mechanisms that regulate homeostasis to function properly for maintaining good health What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema? - ANS-Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries). Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high conc entrations. On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema. How does the RAAS (Renin -Angiotensin -Aldosterone System) result in increased blood volume and increased blood pressure? - ANS-A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin. Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme Angiotensin -converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP. Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased potassium secretion in urine. How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest? - ANS-Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms. This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System, and Carbonic Acid -Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, what is the consequence of a pH imbalance - ANS-Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH changes. Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby affecting its function as well Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH and CO2 levels). - ANS-Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35 -7.45 PCO2: 35 -45 mm Hg PO2: 9 0-100 mm Hg HCO3 -: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95 -100% Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower = alkalosis
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