Lessons 1-7, 10, 16, and 17: Fully compiled and annotated for in-depth understanding.
Perfect for students and educators, this meticulously organized collection covers key topics in understanding culture, society, and politics. With detailed annotations and clear explanations, you'll find this r...
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY,
& POLITICS
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | SEM 2 | RJ NACES UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
– SEM 2 –
1.0 CULTURAL VARIATIONS & SOCIAL
DIFFERENCES IN GENDER
● Sex refers to biological differences
that distinguish humans and other
animals into two main categories: male
and female.
● Gender encompasses all the social,
cultural, psychological
characteristics that a culture assigns
to males and females.
○ A product of a society’s culture
& adaptation to its
environment.
○ Differences in culture &
adaptation across societies
entail different definitions of 2.0 SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
genders.
● The concept of gender as a cultural
● Socioeconomic class refers to a
construction tells us that gender is
category that groups people with
a product of how societies and
similar economic, social,
their culture adapted to the
cultural, and political status.
conditions of their natural and social
● There are several factors that
environment.
determine one’s position in
socioeconomic class. These may
generally fall under economic,
social, or cultural capital.
● Understanding and recognizing
socioeconomic differences is vital
to expose the social, cultural,
economic, and political barriers
that it creates within each
socioeconomic level.
● The hierarchy in socioeconomic
classes propagates inequality
among members of society, in
terms of acquiring basic resources, and
economic opportunities.
● Power relations = Rich people
have more capacity to influence the
political arena. While people from
the lower socioeconomic class do
not have any political power to
influence the government to protect
them. Who will help them?
● Spanish Colonial Era Hierarchy
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@wonrika
, UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY,
& POLITICS
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | SEM 2 | RJ NACES UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
○ Peninsulares = pure spanish
blood born in spain
○ Insulares = pure spanish
blood born in the ph
○ Ilustrados = filos who studied
abroad
○ Mestizos = chinese
○ Indios = native filos
Today in PH:
India:
3.0 ETHNICITY AND RELIGION
Karl Marx:
● An ethnic group refers to a specific
group of people having certain similar
characteristics and a distinct cultural
identity, which distinguish them
from other groups in the community
or society.
● The term ethnicity is used to denote
the shared culture of these
groups, which includes cultural
heritage, language or dialect,
religion, traditions and rituals,
norms, values, beliefs, and other
practices.
● Race is a socially constructed
category attributed to people who
share the same biological traits or
≽^•⩊•^≼ PAGE 2
@wonrika
, UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY,
& POLITICS
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | SEM 2 | RJ NACES UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
attributes.
● A religion is a set of beliefs and
ritual practices related to symbols,
which are considered sacred.
● Minority groups are a collective
group of people who are singled
out, distinguished, and treated as
subordinates or inferior by the
dominant or majority group, because of 4.0 EXCEPTIONALITY/NON-
their physical or cultural EXCEPTIONALITY
characteristics.
● Disability refers to a condition
wherein the loss of physical
functioning, or impairments in
intellectual, social, and mental
processes hinder normal growth and
development of an individual.
● Exceptionality is a concept that
describes how an individual’s
specific abilities and
functioning—physical, intellectual,
or behavioral— are different from
the established normal or typical
qualities. (e.g. gifted, learning
disabilities, developmental delays,
emotional/behavioural
disorders,communication disorders,
hearing/visual/physical impairments.)
● The concept of non-exceptionality
is only used to differentiate
between the exceptional ones and
those that are considered
normal.
Labels are used in order for societal
members to have a grasp of the
different types of exceptionalities.
● It can determine one’s social
status in society.
● Some labels can merit a high status
in society, while some are
stigmatized and met with the
perception of having a lower social
status.
≽^•⩊•^≼ PAGE 3
@wonrika
, UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY,
& POLITICS
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | SEM 2 | RJ NACES UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
● This definition focuses on one’s
membership and allegiance to a
particular country.
● This distinguishes our definition of
nationality from a separate concept of
ethnicity.
Acquisition of One's Nationality
It is a prerogative or right of the state to
determine who its nationals are.
● In jus sanguinis (translated as “right
of blood”), nationality and
citizenship is determined by the
parent’s nationality.
● In jus soli (translated as “right of
soil”), one’s nationality is
determined by the territory or land
in which the child is born.
Political Jurisdiction of Nation-States
over Nationals
Nationality establishes the legal
relationship between an individual and
its nation.
● The political jurisdiction of a nation-
state over its nationals enables it to
pursue and investigate nationals
who may or may not be associated with
any criminal activity.
● Nationals have the responsibility
5.0 NATIONALITY to adhere to the nation-state's
rules and regulations.
NATIONALITY ● Nation-states have the
responsibility to protect all of their
nationals.
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@wonrika
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