Class notes
Exam 3 Study Guide
- Course
- BIO 110 (4801)
- Institution
- Wake Technical Community College
Providing an overview of Chapters 10, 11, and 12 addressing causes of evolution, behaviors of organisms, and speciation events.
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BIO 110 Exam 3 Study Guide: Chps 10-12*PLEASE NOTE: THIS STUDY GUIDE IS PROVIDED AS A GENERAL REVIEW OF CONCEPTS, BUT SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED AN EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF ALL THE TOPICS WE HA VE COVERED IN CLASS! YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL INFORMATION COVERED IN LECTURE!
Chapter 10: Evolution
•Define population and evolution
- Population = group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic region
- Evolution = ongoing process of genetic change occurring at a population level
•Fruit fly experiment – what did it show? Why is it important?
- Lab study showed that selectively breeding the fruit flies that lasted the longest without food led to a generation of genetically different fruit flies in generation 60 than in generation 1
- This shows that many generations of natural selection leads to genetic differentiation and is important for a population to evolve to their environment
•History of scientific thought that led to theory of evolution (including the names of the key players and how they influenced Darwin), Darwin’s observations on Galapagos
- Darwin’s influences: Buffon (1700) —> the earth is older than many people believed it to be
Cuvier (1750) —> found evidence from fossils that organisms go extinct Lamark (1800) —> living species change over time (acquired genetics was thought to be the reason, this was proven incorrect)
Lyell (1850) —> geologist, the earth goes through gradual but constant change - Darwin observed varied traits in closely related species —> characteristics in finches (ie beak size) varied based on which location they lived
- Darwin observed similarities between fossils of extinct species and species currently living in the same area
•Who is Alfred Russell Wallace? Why do we remember Darwin and not
him?
- Wallace was a naturalist who came to the same conclusions and observations as Darwin about natural selection
- We do not remember Wallace because he deferred to Darwin and Darwin kept incredibly detailed notes to support his hypothesis •4 types of evolution – be able to define and identify examples of each, understand the differences among them
- Mutations: alters sequence in DNA pairs — can be beneficial, neutral, detrimental essential to evolution
only way in which new variation arises
must happen in sex cells
- Genetic Drift: changes in allele frequencies due to random chance does not matter how “fit” the individual is
reduces genetic variation —> leads to fixation for one allele
impact is greatest in small populations
Founder Effect —> subset of original population separates from group and creates a new population (ie. Amish separated, polydactyl allele became very prevalent in their population)
Bottleneck —> rapid reduction in population size due to famine, disease, environmental change (ie. African Cheetah population)
- Gene Flow (migration) : organisms move from one population to another (ie. European immigrants moving to America in the 19th century)
different than the Founder Effect
genetic variability increases - Natural selection: only Darwinian mechanism
3 criteria —> Variation of a particular trait (ie. Speed of bunnies)
Trait is heritable (ie. Running speed passed from parent bunny to offspring)
Trait leads to a differential in reproductive success (ie. Slow bunnies get eaten, fast bunnies reproduce)
•Definition of fitness and differential reproductive success; why is survival of the fittest a misnomer?
- Fitness = measure of the relative reproductive output of an individual with a particular phenotype relative to the population
fitness is dependent on specific environment
misnomer because it does not mean the strongest, fastest, how long you live, etc, just how many offspring you produce
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