AMR Test 2 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Test 2 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Test 2 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Test 2 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Test 2 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Test 2 Questions and Answers 100% Correctantibiotic inactivation - ANS...
AMR Test 2 Questions and Answers 100% Correct
antibiotic inactivation - ANSWER-Enzymatic modification of antibiotics (e.g. enzymatic degradation, enzymatic modification)
degradation - ANSWER-Enzymatic _________
Hydrolysis: beta-lactamases
Linearization: cutting
modification - ANSWER-Enzymatic _______
Nucleotidylation: additional of nucleotides Phosphorylation: phosphate group addition
Glycosylation: attachment of a carbohydrate
Acylation: addition of the acyl (RCO-) group
Hydroxylation: addition of hydroxy (-OH) group
Nucleotidylation - ANSWER-Enzymatic modification: additional of nucleotides
Phosphorylation - ANSWER-Enzymatic modification: phosphate group addition
Glycosylation - ANSWER-Enzymatic modification: attachment of a carbohydrate
Acylation - ANSWER-Enzymatic modification: addition of the acyl (RCO-) group
Hydroxylation - ANSWER-Enzymatic modification: addition of hydroxy (-OH) group
Β-lactamases - ANSWER-enzymes that hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics
B-lactamases - ANSWER-Currently, there are over 1000 identified;
Skyrocketed since 1990; major contributor is the ability of bacteria to transfer genetic material amongst strains and species
R-groups - ANSWER-Sterically protect B-lactam ring from B-lactamases
serine - ANSWER-Class A β-lactamase: ______- β-lactamase (inhibitor-susceptible) [contains serine in active site] (e.g. Penicillinases)
sodium - ANSWER-Membrane efflux pump: Multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE) is powered by ________ gradient
proton - ANSWER-Membrane efflux pump: Major facilitator class (MFC) is powered by ______ gradient proton - ANSWER-Membrane efflux pump: Small multidrug resistance class (SMR) is powered by _________ gradient
Penicillinases - ANSWER-B-lactamases produced by these species: Klebsiella sp., Citrobacter koseri
metallo - ANSWER-Class B β-lactamase: ______-β-lactamase; require zinc (e.g. Carbapenamases)
Carbapenamases - ANSWER-B-lactamases produced by these species/genes: VIM, IMP, and NDM
cephalosporinases - ANSWER-Class C β-lactamase: _________ [contains serine in active site]; have inducible, non-inducible, derepressed, and plasmidic AmpC
cephalosporinases - ANSWER-B-lactamases produced by these species: Non-inducible AmpC (e.g. E. coli)
Inducible AmpC (Enterobacter sp., Citrobacter freundi, Serratia marcescens, Morganella morganii, Hafnia alvei, Providencia stuarti)
Derepressed AmpC
Plasmidic AmpC (e.g. CMY-2 and other types)
oxacillinases - ANSWER-Class D β-lactamase: _________ [contains serine in active site]; Narrow-spectrum OXA (inhibitor-resistant)
ESBL-OXA (uncommon)
Carbanemases (e.g. OXA-48 variants)
gram-negative - ANSWER-____ bacteria have evolved two strategies for B-lactamase induction: AmpG-AmpR-AmpC pathway & TCRS
AmpG-AmpR-AmpC - ANSWER-1) Upon β-lactam AB treatment muropeptides (fragments of peptidoglycans) are transported into the cytoplasm by AmpG transporter
2) In the cytoplasm, NagZ enzyme removes NAG sugar group and the remaining NAM-
oligopeptide interacts with AmpR located upstream of ampC (β-lactamase gene)
3) AmpR has other functions (i.e. in P. aeruginosa it also induces proteases, quorum sensing, and other virulence factors)
TCRS - ANSWER-Allows the cell to sense the outside environment and respond accordingly through a signaling cascade
BlrAB TCRS - ANSWER-1) Overexpression of BlrA increased production of B-
lactamase
2) BlrA knockout attenuated expression of B-lactamase
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller NursingTutor1. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
