AMR Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% Correct
WHO definition of AMR - ANSWER-ability of a microorganism (like bacteria...
AMR Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% Correct
WHO definition of AMR - ANSWER-ability of a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antimalarials) from working against it; as a result, standard treatments become ineffective, infections persist and may spread to others
Community-acquired infection - ANSWER-infection that is acquired from a communal setting, such as gym, swimming pool, subway, etc.
Nosocomial or hospital-acquired infection (HAIs) - ANSWER-infections that are caught in a healthcare setting (hospital, nursing home, etc.)
Percentage of all deaths related to AMR that are due to bacteria that are resistant to last-reserve antibiotics (pan-resistance) - ANSWER-39%
Pan-resistance - ANSWER-describes bacteria that are resistant to last-reserve antibiotics
4 key facts about AMR - ANSWER-- one of the biggest threats to global health and food
security
- can affect anyone, any age, any country
- occurs naturally, but misuse in animals and humans accelerates process
- leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality
While the number of bacterial infections remains constant, the number of AMR infections has been - ANSWER-constantly increasing
Why antibiotics are used in animal farming - ANSWER-growth promotion and infection control
Year that the FDA approved first antibiotics for use in poultry, pork, and beef growth promotion - ANSWER-1951
Percentage estimated of all antibiotics in the US used in animals - ANSWER-~70%
Consequences of AMR for the individual - ANSWER-- higher medical costs
- longer hospital stays
- increased mortality
How AMR leads to higher medical costs - ANSWER-- additional antibiotic prescriptions - prolonged hospitalization
- additional diagnostic testing
- cost of infectious disease specialist
Sisyphus analogy refers to - ANSWER-failing drug efficacy (pushing a boulder up a mountain for it to constantly keep rolling down)
Who was Ernest Duchesne - ANSWER-French physician who discovered antimicrobial property of Penicillium mold in 1897, but never published his thesis
Year Ernest Duchesne discovered antimicrobial property of Penicillium mold - ANSWER-1897
How long it takes on average from the introduction of a new antibiotic to clinical resistance - ANSWER-8 years
Factors contributing to AMR in healthcare - ANSWER-- antibiotic usage, underuse, and overuse
- lack of antibiotics
- poor sanitation and personal hygiene
- antibiotic use in agriculture
- inadequate infection controls in healthcare facilities
Purpose of the licked pacifier study - ANSWER-showed link between microbe exposure and increased immune system stimulation (what doesn't kill you makes you stronger)
Why the FDA banned use of antibiotic agents in personal hygiene products - ANSWER-
limiting exposure to microbes dampens the immune system; may kill good bacteria
Proportional relationship between global population, food production, and AMR - ANSWER-increase global population → increased food demand → increased animal farming → increased occurrence of transmissible disease → increased use of antibiotics → increased AMR (human exposure to low concentration of antibiotics enhances AMR)
Year that the UN General Assembly announced that the use of antibiotics in animals is the leading cause of the antibiotic-resistance crisis - ANSWER-2016
MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) - ANSWER-method of identifying bacterial isolates by directly measuring the DNA sequence variation in housekeeping genes (ex. E. faecalis ST16)
Difference between conventionally raised (antibiotics) pigs and organically raised (no antibiotics) pigs - ANSWER-More E. coli resistant isolated from conventionally raised pigs than from organically raised pigs
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