BIO 161 Exam 4 Ch. 9, 10, 12 Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
BIO 161
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BIO 161
Meiosis Type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number from 2n to n. Daughter cells receive the haploid number
Diploid (2n) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. the total number of chromosomes.
Haploid (n) cell condition where only one type of chromosome is...
BIO 161 Exam 4 Ch. 9, 10, 12 Questions and Correct Answers Meiosis ✅Type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number from 2n to n. Daughter cells receive the haploid number Diploid (2n) ✅containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. the total number of chromosomes. Haploid (n) ✅cell condition where only one type of chromosome is present Gametes ✅reproductive cells (sperm and egg in animals). usually have the haploid number of chromosomes Zygote ✅diploid cell formed by the production of two gametes; the product of fertilization Mitosis ✅cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes Cytokinesis ✅division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells What are the three stages of interphase? ✅G1, S, G2 What happens in the G1 phase of interphase? ✅cell grows and certain organelles double. What happens in the S phase of interphase? ✅DNA replicates. Chromatids are duplicated forming sister chromatids What happens in the G2 phase of interphase? ✅Organelles (centrioles & mictotubules) and molecules for cell division are synthesized what happens in the M (mitotic) stage of mitosis? ✅mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) What is the mitotic spindle? ✅a structure made of microtubules that distributes the daughter chromosomes to two daughter nuclei. what is a cell signal? ✅a molecule that stimulates or inhibits activity in a cell What is a growth factor? ✅A protein made by certain body cells that stimulates or inhibits other cells What is cyclin? ✅a protein that activates kinases and a protein whose levels change with the cell cycle the signaling of what protein stops the cell cycle at the G1 checkpoint if DNA is damaged? ✅p53 (protein 53) When p53 tries to repair DNA, p53 levels rise. If the level becomes to high in the cell, it can cause... ✅apoptosis (programmed cell death) what is the protein RB (retinoblastoma) responsible for? ✅interpreting growth and nutrient availability signals What happens at the G1 checkpoint? ✅The cell checks that the chemicals needed for replication are present and for any damage to the DNA before entering S -phase If the cell cycle has halted, what is the cause and 2 solutions? ✅Failure to pass the G1 checkpoint. Cell will enter G0 or go through apoptosis if severe enough. when growth signals promote cell division, what substance causes a phosphate to be added to the RB protein? ✅CDK (cyclin -dependent -kinase) What protein is released after the phosphorylation of RB? ✅E2F What does E2F do after released from phosphorylated RB? ✅binds to DNA, which activates certain proteins needed to complete the cell cycle G0 cells can enter the G1 phase and divide if... ✅growth signals prompt the cells cells do not commit to dividing until... ✅the conditions, including plenty of nutrients, are right the cell cycle may halt at the G2 checkpoint if... ✅DNA has not finished replicating or is physically damaged The cell cycle checkpoint in the mitotic stage halts cell division if... ✅the chromosomes on the mitotic spindle are not properly attached How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle? Where do they occur? ✅3. G1, G2, M stage What are somatic cells? ✅non-sex cells
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