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Portage learning NUR 251 - Pharmacology - Test 1 Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete Complete Solution. Updated 2024/2025. $14.49   Add to cart

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Portage NUR 251 - Pharmacology - Test 1 Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete Complete Solution. Updated 2024/2025.

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Portage NUR 251 - Pharmacology - Test 1
Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete
Complete Solution. Updated 2024/2025.
Pharmacology

Study of chemicals that alter the function of living organisms.

Drugs can be used to:

1. Prevent disease
2. Diagnose Disease
3. Cure disease
4. Treat symptoms of disease

Drugs have many different effects on the body including

(1) Therapeutic effects
(2) Side effects
(3) Adverse effects
(4) Toxic effects

Therapeutic effect

desired drug effect to alleviate some condition of symptom

Side effects

any effect other than the therapeutic effect that are usually undesirable but not harmful

Adverse effect

general term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect

Toxic effects

undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning; can be very harmful or life-threatening

Mechanism of action

How a drug produces its effects

targeted sit of action

the location within the body where a drug exerts its therapeutic effect, often a specific drug receptor

Receptors

specific cellular structures that a drug binds to in order to produce a physiologic effect

,Agonist receptor

works to activate a physiologic response or drug effect

Antagonist receptor

works to interfere with other drugs or substances from producing a drug-effect

Dose-dependent relationship

basic principle of pharmacology which states that the response to any drug depends on the amount of
drug given

Onset of action

the time from the drug administration to the first observable effect

Duration of action

the length of time that the drug continues to produce its effect

Drug Names include

1. Chemical Name
2. Describe the chemical composition and molecular structure
3. Generic name - nonproprietary name
4. Trade name - Owned by the producing company.

Classification of drugs based on similarities of properties

1. Structure - e.g. beta blockers
2. Use - e.g. antibiotics

Aqueous Preparations

syrups - a solution of water and sugar to which a drug is added

Tablets

drug powders that have been compressed into convenient form for swallowing. disintegrates in stomach
more rapidly than most other solid preparations

Troches and lozenges

flattened tablets that are allowed to dissolve in the mouth

Capsules

Gelatin shells filled with powdered or liquid medication

Delayed-release Products

Tablets or capsules that are treated with a special coating designed so that the drug produces its effect
over an extended time

,Enteric Coated Products

Tablets that are coated with an acid-resistant substance to prevent dissolution in the stomach

Suppositories

Drugs mixed with a substance that will melt at body temperature when inserted into the rectum,
urethra, or vag

Ointments

soft oily substances containing a drug that is applied to the skin

Transdermal patch

the drug is released from a bandage or patch and then is absorbed through the skin into the blood
stream providing continuous source of drug over 24 hours

Routes of Administration

The ways used to get a drug into the tissues of the body, where they can produce their effects. The two
main routes are oral and parenteral.

Oral administration

route of drug administration by way of the mouth through swallowing

Parenteral administration

route of drug administration that does not involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Routes of Drug Administration

Phases of drug activity

(1) Pharmaceutical Phase - administration of dosage form, dissolution of drug into body
(2) Pharmacokinetic Phase - absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
(3) Pharmacodynamic Phase - drug receptor interaction

Pharmaceutics

Study of how various dosage forms influence how the drug effects the body.

Dissolution

When taken, how does it appear in the digestive tract.

Pharmakinetics

Study of what the body does to the drug.
1. What happens to the drug when it is taken.
2. Depends on how long drug is in the system.

(absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)

, Absorption

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

Bioavailability

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%).

Distribution

transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action

Metabolism

the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more potent metabolite, or a less
active metabolite

Substrates

a site where the enzyme acts

Enzyme inducer

stimulates more drug metabolism

Excretion

the elmination of drugs from the body

Biliary excretion

when some drugs are excreted through the intestines

Half-life of a drug

time it takes 50% of a given drug to be removed from the body

Steady state

the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount
absorbed with each dose

Pharmadynamics

Study of what the drug does to the body.

(drug receptor interaction - (1) receptiors, (2) enzymes, (3) nonselective)

A receptor is

a reactive site on the surface or inside a cell

Drug Receptor Interactions

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