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SOLUTION MANUAL
Law or Business 15h Edion,
By Barnes, Lemper, All Chapers 1 - 47




TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART ONE: Inroducon o he Law

Chaper 1: Law and Legal Reasoning

Chaper 2: Dispue Selemen

Chaper 3: Business Ehics and Corporae Social Responsibiliy

Chaper 4: Business and he Consuon

Chaper 5: Criminal Law and Procedure

Chaper 6: Inenonal Tors

Chaper 7: Negligence and Sric Liabiliy

Chaper 8: Inellecual Propery

PART TWO: Conracs

Chaper 9: The Naure and Origins o Conracs

Chaper 10: Creang a Conrac: Oers

Chaper 11: Creang a Conrac: Accepances

Chaper 12: Consideraon

Chaper 13: Capaciy o Conrac

Chaper 14: Consen o Conrac

Chaper 15: Illegaliy

,Chaper 16: Form and Meaning o Conracs

Chaper 17: Third Pares’ Conrac Righs

Chaper 18: Conrac Perormance and Remedies

PART THREE: Sales

Chaper 19: Formaon and Terms o Sales Conracs

Chaper 20: Warranes and Produc Liabiliy

Chaper 21: Perormance o Sales Conracs

Chaper 22: Remedies or Breach o Sales Conracs

PART FOUR: Agency and Employmen

Chaper 23: The Agency Relaonship—Creaon, Dues, and Terminaon

Chaper 24: Liabiliy o Principals and Agens o Third Pares

Chaper 25: Employmen Laws

PART FIVE: Business Organizaons

Chaper 26: Which Form o Business Organizaon?

Chaper 27: Parnerships

Chaper 28: Formaon and Terminaon o Corporaons

Chaper 29: Managemen o he Corporae Business

Chaper 30: Financing he Corporaon and he Role o he Shareholders

Chaper 31: Securies Regulaon

Chaper 32: Legal Liabiliy o Accounans

PART SIX: Propery

Chaper 33: Personal Propery and Bailmens

Chaper 34: Real Propery

Chaper 35: Landlord and Tenan

Chaper 36: Esaes and Truss

Chaper 37: Insurance

PART SEVEN: Commercial Paper

Chaper 38: Negoable Insrumens

Chaper 39: Negoaon and Holder in Due Course

,Chaper 40: Liabiliy o Pares

Chaper 41: Checks and Elecronic Fund Transers

PART EIGHT: Credi Transacons

Chaper 42: Inroducon o Securiy

Chaper 43: Securiy Ineress in Personal Propery

Chaper 44: Bankrupcy

PART NINE: Governmen Regulaon

Chaper 45: The Anrus Laws

Chaper 46: Consumer Proecon Laws

Chaper 47: Environmenal Regulaon




CHAPTER 1: LAW AND LEGAL REASONING



LECTURE OUTLINE



1. Discuss he Twisdale case ha opens his chaper. I provides an ineresng vehicle or discussing
he uncons o law and legal inerpreaon.



a. Have your sudens ideny he various uncons o he law and hen discuss which specic
uncons are urhered by his anrealiaon aspecs o he Civil Righs saue.



b. In he conex o legal inerpreaon, he cour ound ha Twisdale did seem o be proeced
based on he lieral language o he saue. However, i looked beyond he plain meaning o rejec his
claim. Specically, he cour believed ha inerpreng he law in a manner ha would proec him rom
realiaon would undermine he purpose o he saue. I is conceivable ha he cour is movaed by
public policy concerns as well.



c. Wha do your sudens hink o cours who do look a inen and public policy? Use his as a
lead-in or a discussion o legal jurisprudence.

,2. Queson sudens abou heir denions o ―law.‖ Make cerain hey undersand he
imporance o law in all aspecs o our lives.



3. Discuss he various uncons ha law serves in sociey. You migh do his by having he sudens
ideny some o hem.



a. Discuss he conics ha arise beween and among he various uncons o law. For example,
here ofen are conics beween he goals o individual reedom and achieving social jusce. Noe he
problems ha arise when here is no clear consensus on wha is jus.



b. Ask he sudens i hey hink ha law ever is ―overused.‖ They are likely o cie numerous
examples. For insance, his migh be a me o alk abou he produc liabiliy cases ha are regularly in
he headlines. Perhaps he case involving he woman who burned hersel wih coee rom McDonald’s
would be appropriae here.



c. Have he sudens discuss wha i means o have he law mainain order. You migh ask sudens
i mainaining order means mainaining he saus quo. This can lead o a discussion o legal realism and
views ha law is used by hose in power o reain heir power.



4. There is a endency or people o hink o law as imposing dues wihou considering how i
esablishes and preserves righs. Talk abou how our sysem ries o mach righs wih corresponding
dues.



a. Explain how dues, righs, and privileges make up subsanve law.



b. Explain ha procedural law provides he ramework wihin which subsanve laws are creaed
and enorced. Poin ou ha Chapers 2 and 4 oer a more deailed discussion o procedural law.



5. Ask he sudens o hink o an example o a duy imposed by subsanve law ha migh violae
some moral or ehical belie. This migh be a good me o alk abou he various schools o legal
jurisprudence. Have hem speculae how a legal posivis would dier rom a legal sociologis or naural
law heoris in handling such siuaons.



6. Conras criminal law wih civil law.

,a. Poin ou ha sociey considers i much worse o be conviced o a crime han o be held civilly
liable. Explain how, as a resul, here are more exacng procedural saeguards o proec a deendan in a
criminal rial han in a civil rial.



b. Noe he dierence beween compensaory damages and punive damages. Discuss he curren
uproar over punive damages and he Supreme Cour’s aemp o rein hem in. See Sae Farm Muual
Auomobile Insurance v. Campbell, 123 S.C. 1513 (U.S. Sup. C. 2003) (esablishing guideposs or
calculang punive damages). Punive damages are discussed urher in Chaper 6.



c. Poin ou ha ofen one can be subjec o sancons under boh criminal and civil laws wihou
violang he proscripon agains ―double jeopardy.‖ Find ou i he sudens hink ha punive
damages in a civil rial, coupled wih nes in a criminal rial, consue a ype o double jeopardy.



Marinello v. Unied Saes



Marinello was charged wih he crime o corruply impeding he due adminisraon o he Tax Code afer
he engaged in several acvies ha underrepored his axable income. However, he

U.S. Supreme Cour overurned his criminal convicon because Marinello was unaware ha he was
under IRS invesgaon a he me o his acvies. Cing he need o consrue criminal



saues narrowly, he Cour ruled ha he parcular saue—he Omnibus Clause—did no cover all
acvies ha underrepored income. The Cour believed ha he saue covered a narrower range o
acvies aimed direcly a hwarng he acvies o invesgaons when he axpayer knew or should
have known an invesgaon was underway.



Poins or Discussion: This case is placed in he ex as an example o he general rules underlying
criminal law. Specically, a person generally canno be conviced o a crime unless he or she violaes a
saue. However, such saues mus be objecvely clear o a reasonable person. This Governmen’s
inerpreaon o his saue was believed o gran he Governmen oo much discreon in deermining
wha consued a crime.



7. The brie inroducon o our legal sysem should be a review or mos sudens.

,a. The consuonal law maerial is more heavily discussed in Chaper 4. An argumen can be
made or i o be presened immediaely ollowing his chaper. However, we believe sudens should
rs review Chaper 2’s discussion o he dispue resoluon sysem.



b. Talk abou he role o he cours in deermining he consuonaliy o legislaon. Do hey
believe his gives he cours oo much power?



c. Explain he relaonship beween sae laws and ederal laws. Make cerain he sudens
undersand ha sae laws may no violae he ederal consuon and mus be consisen wih ederal
saues.



Henry Schein v. Archer & Whie Sales



The Federal Arbiraon Ac provides ha pares may, hrough heir power o conrac, agree ha heir
dispues will be arbiraed. In addion, he Ac allows hose same pares o agree ha an arbiraor,
raher han a cour, will deermine wheher ha arbiraon clause applies o any parcular dispue hey
may have. However, several ederal appellae cours carved ou a ―wholly groundless‖ excepon o he
laer rule by which hey allowed cours o conclude ha arbiraon was no appropriae when he cour
believed he claim o arbirabiliy was groundless. In his case, he U.S. Supreme Cour, cing boh he
saue and Supreme Cour preceden, ruled ha he

―wholly groundless‖ excepon was impermissible because i conradiced he saue.



Poins or Discussion: This case is an example o he limis on he judiciary’s discreon under he
common law. I illusraes ha in he hierarchy o laws, legislave law is superior o judge- made law. I
also illusraes he role o preceden in inerpreng saues.



8. The maerial on sauory inerpreaon can be exremely imporan in laying he oundaon or
how lawyers hink. More imporanly, i eaches sudens valuable crical hinking skills. Take he
sudens hrough he process or inerpreng saues. You may discuss sauory inerpreaon and legal
jurisprudence ogeher. Noe how posiviss ofen have problems



moving beyond he ―plain meaning‖ o words while naural law heoriss and legal sociologiss are
accused o ignoring hem.



Bosock v. Clayon Couny, Georgia

,Employers argued ha Civil Righs Ac’s prohibion agains discriminaon based on sex did no proec
employees who were red because hey were homosexual or ransgender. The employers assered ha
he law should no be expanded o proec hese employees because he legislaors who originally
enaced he saue would no have envisioned i being exended in his way. The

U.S. Supreme Cour disagreed. I ound no ambiguiy in he plain meaning o he saue—he Cour
believed he sauory language clearly prohibied such discriminaon because i was based on sex.



Poins or Discussion: Explain how he cour reused o look beyond he plain meaning o he saue,
concluding ha i would be wrong o aemp o glean he inen o each legislaor who voed or he
law. Discuss wheher his opinion is ruly legal posivis in naure. Explore how i migh have underones
o legal sociology.



9. Discuss he concep o sare decisis.



a. Noe how sare decisis promoes sabiliy.



Sewar v. Jusce



Resauran owners asked he cour o enjoin enorcemen o an execuve order requiring resauran
employees and cusomers o wear masks. The cour upheld he Mask Mandae, reasoning ha i was
reasonably designed o proec he healh o he public rom he spread o he COVID virus.



Poins or Discussion: Use his case o explain he process o sare decisis. Noe how he cour, in he
absence o clear preceden dealing wih COVID resricons, looked or guidance o a smallpox case
decided by he U.S. Supreme Cour more han 100 years ago. You migh also use his case o discuss
execuve orders and heir place in he hierarchy o legal rules. Explain how execuve orders may no
violae consuonal proecons. This case is also conneced o Chaper 4 and is discussion o due
process.



a. Noe how sare decisis permis change.

,b. Explain how he rule agains ex pos aco laws does no apply o insances where he cour has
reinerpreed a saue. Discuss how his can pose problems or people who relied on he original
inerpreaon.



c. Discuss he power o higher cours o overurn precedens and he risks ha arise when his
occurs.



Souh Dakoa v. Wayair



Two long-sanding U.S. Supreme Cour decisions long had inerpreed he Commerce Clause o preven
saes rom levying sales axes on sales unless he seller had a physical locaon in he ax-assessing sae.
Souh Dakoa asked he Cour o overurn hose precedens and permi saes o impose axes on online
sales o in-sae consumers. The Supreme Cour agreed wih Souh Dakoa, concluding ha he
preceden cases were no longer appropriae or he changed dynamics o he naonal economy in ligh
o he Cyber Age.



Poins or Discussion: This case is designed o demonsrae he condions under which a cour will
deviae rom sare decisis and overurn a previous holding. Cours generally are relucan o overrule a
preceden ou o concern ha ohers have relied on he prior holding. However, sressing ha sare
decisis is no an ―inexorable command,‖ he Cour el an obligaon o overurn he prior holding when,
as here, he preceden no only ails o reec realies o sociey, bu acually is harmul o he Saes.
Ask he sudens o speculae abou oher areas where, in ligh o he realies o modern lie, old
precedens may be ou o dae. Is personal privacy one o hose areas?



10. The maerials on jurisprudence are designed o illusrae how peoples’ values shape heir
inerpreaon o he law. You migh recommend ha sudens examine each decision in he chaper and
indicae wha school o jurisprudence he judge appears o represen. Have hem analyze a case rom
he poin o view o each o he schools o hough.



a. Conras he legal posivis wih a naural law hinker. Emphasize ha sudens should no
conuse naural law wih any parcular religion. Discuss he Rochin case reerred o in he secon on
Naural Law. Discuss why a cour migh eel compelled o explain ha is decision is no based on naural
law.



Sesay v. Aorney General

,Sesay was kidnapped by rebels and orced, a gunpoin, o carry heir weapons and supplies. Afer
escaping, he enered he Unied Saes and requesed asylum. This reques was reused because he
applicable immigraon saue does no allow he granng o asylum o individuals who have knowingly
aorded maerial suppor o erroriss. The cour reused o overrule he denial o asylum because he
immigraon saue did no conain a duress excepon.



Poins or Discussion: I is no clear ha his cour adheres o legal posivism. However, he cour’s
unwillingness o consider he ac ha Sesay was orced o assis he rebels cerainly akes on he
appearance o a posivis decision. The cour makes clear ha despie an inequiable



resul, Congress or he Execuve Branch (no he cours) mus address his issue. This illusraes he
harshness ha may aend legal posivis decision. Explain how a legal sociologis cour migh reach a
dieren resul.



a. Explain how legal sociologiss ofen have a social agenda and, accordingly, make decisions ha
promoe ha view o how he world should be ordered. Discuss he Buck

v. Bell case ha is reerenced in he secon on Sociological Jurisprudence. Explain how his case arose a
a me when sociees, ollowing he advice o geneciss, believed ha he human sock could be
srenghened by weeding ou weaker members. (This was par o he impeus or Nazi Germany’s pursui
o a maser race.) In he nal line o he decision, in suppor o is ruling ha Carrie Buck could be
serilized, he cour said:

―Three generaons o imbeciles are enough.‖ How do your sudens eel abou his saemen? How do
hey eel abou he case?



b. Sudens have a more dicul me comprehending legal realism. You migh explain realism as a
way o examining he suspeced movaons o oher decision makers or law enorcers. Raher han
accep he decision maker’s explanaon o her decision a ace value, he realis reads beween he lines
o see i here is a hidden agenda. You may ask sudens i hey believe ha a person is able o shed his
or her personal biases upon becoming a judge.



11. The concep o prevenve law is cenral o a course designed or business sudens. The ineres
o business people in law ordinarily is sricly insrumenal—o use heir knowledge o he law o reach
business objecves. Explain how knowledge o he law can avoid losses as well as permi opporunies.

, ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS AND PROBLEM CASES



1. Some o he primary uncons o law are o keep he peace, enorce sandards o conduc,
mainain he saus quo, aciliae planning, and promoe social jusce.



2. Cours make law in hree ways: (1) hrough inerpreaon, (2) by ―nding‖ he common law,
and (3) hrough judicial review.



3. The cour’s ailure o consider he equiable problems involved wih his oucome makes i
appear o be a legal posivis decision. Raher han rying o remedy wha appears o be an unair resul,
he cour conned is analysis o a lieral reading o he saue. This sounds like he hinking o a legal
posivis. Bowles v. Russell, 127 S.C. 2360 (U.S. Sup. C. 2007).



4. No. The esmony by he FDA ocial should no have been admied ino evidence. I here is a
requiremen ha he FDA’s approval mus be obained beore a ―bes when purchased by‖ dae may be
changed, i would, o be a lawul predicae o a criminal convicon, have o be ound in some saue or
regulaon, or a leas in some wrien inerpreve guideline or opinion, and no jus in he oral
esmony o an agency employee. I is a denial o due process o law o convic a person o a crime
because he violaed some bureaucra’s secre undersanding o he law. The idea o secre laws is
repugnan. People canno comply wih laws he exisence o which is concealed. Unied Saes v.
Farinella, 558 F.3d 695 (7h Cir. 2009).



5. This is no a legal posivis cour. The cour looked beyond he plain meaning o he saue,
concluding ha no every angible objec alls wihin he meaning o he law. When a cour looks a he
conex o a law, i is examining he purpose o he law (and somemes he policies ha migh be
implicaed by enorcing or dismissing he complain). This sounds like a legal sociologis. Yaes v. Unied
Saes, 135 S.C. 1074 (U.S. Sup. C. 2015).



6. The cour will use he process o sauory inerpreaon o decide his queson. I will begin by
looking a he plain meaning o he word ―vessel‖ o see i oang home clearly alls wihin ha erm. I
he plain (diconary meaning and common usage) does no conclusively decide he case, he cour will
look ino he legislave hisory in order o deermine he inen o Congress when i enaced he saue.
Here he cour concluded ha he sauory inen applies o an ―arcial conrivance capable o being
used as a means o ransporaon on waer. Consequenly, in our view, a srucure does no all wihin
he scope o his sauory phrase. A cour migh also look beyond his purpose inquiry o deermine i
here are public policy argumens or or agains nding he oang home o be a vessel wihin he
meaning o he saue. I ulmaely concluded ha here were policy argumens agains labeling he
craf as a vessel. Adopng a version o he ―anyhing ha oas‖ es would place unnecessary and

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