SOLUTION MANUAL
Law or Business 15h Edion,
By Barnes, Lemper, All Chapers 1 - 47
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART ONE: Inroducon o he Law
Chaper 1: Law and Legal Reasoning
Chaper 2: Dispue Selemen
Chaper 3: Business Ehics and Corporae Social Responsibiliy
Chaper 4: Business and he Consuon
Chaper 5: Criminal Law and Procedure
Chaper 6: Inenonal Tors
Chaper 7: Negligence and Sric Liabiliy
Chaper 8: Inellecual Propery
PART TWO: Conracs
Chaper 9: The Naure and Origins o Conracs
Chaper 10: Creang a Conrac: Oers
Chaper 11: Creang a Conrac: Accepances
Chaper 12: Consideraon
Chaper 13: Capaciy o Conrac
Chaper 14: Consen o Conrac
Chaper 15: Illegaliy
,Chaper 16: Form and Meaning o Conracs
Chaper 17: Third Pares’ Conrac Righs
Chaper 18: Conrac Perormance and Remedies
PART THREE: Sales
Chaper 19: Formaon and Terms o Sales Conracs
Chaper 20: Warranes and Produc Liabiliy
Chaper 21: Perormance o Sales Conracs
Chaper 22: Remedies or Breach o Sales Conracs
PART FOUR: Agency and Employmen
Chaper 23: The Agency Relaonship—Creaon, Dues, and Terminaon
Chaper 24: Liabiliy o Principals and Agens o Third Pares
Chaper 25: Employmen Laws
PART FIVE: Business Organizaons
Chaper 26: Which Form o Business Organizaon?
Chaper 27: Parnerships
Chaper 28: Formaon and Terminaon o Corporaons
Chaper 29: Managemen o he Corporae Business
Chaper 30: Financing he Corporaon and he Role o he Shareholders
Chaper 31: Securies Regulaon
Chaper 32: Legal Liabiliy o Accounans
PART SIX: Propery
Chaper 33: Personal Propery and Bailmens
Chaper 34: Real Propery
Chaper 35: Landlord and Tenan
Chaper 36: Esaes and Truss
Chaper 37: Insurance
PART SEVEN: Commercial Paper
Chaper 38: Negoable Insrumens
Chaper 39: Negoaon and Holder in Due Course
,Chaper 40: Liabiliy o Pares
Chaper 41: Checks and Elecronic Fund Transers
PART EIGHT: Credi Transacons
Chaper 42: Inroducon o Securiy
Chaper 43: Securiy Ineress in Personal Propery
Chaper 44: Bankrupcy
PART NINE: Governmen Regulaon
Chaper 45: The Anrus Laws
Chaper 46: Consumer Proecon Laws
Chaper 47: Environmenal Regulaon
CHAPTER 1: LAW AND LEGAL REASONING
LECTURE OUTLINE
1. Discuss he Twisdale case ha opens his chaper. I provides an ineresng vehicle or discussing
he uncons o law and legal inerpreaon.
a. Have your sudens ideny he various uncons o he law and hen discuss which specic
uncons are urhered by his anrealiaon aspecs o he Civil Righs saue.
b. In he conex o legal inerpreaon, he cour ound ha Twisdale did seem o be proeced
based on he lieral language o he saue. However, i looked beyond he plain meaning o rejec his
claim. Specically, he cour believed ha inerpreng he law in a manner ha would proec him rom
realiaon would undermine he purpose o he saue. I is conceivable ha he cour is movaed by
public policy concerns as well.
c. Wha do your sudens hink o cours who do look a inen and public policy? Use his as a
lead-in or a discussion o legal jurisprudence.
,2. Queson sudens abou heir denions o ―law.‖ Make cerain hey undersand he
imporance o law in all aspecs o our lives.
3. Discuss he various uncons ha law serves in sociey. You migh do his by having he sudens
ideny some o hem.
a. Discuss he conics ha arise beween and among he various uncons o law. For example,
here ofen are conics beween he goals o individual reedom and achieving social jusce. Noe he
problems ha arise when here is no clear consensus on wha is jus.
b. Ask he sudens i hey hink ha law ever is ―overused.‖ They are likely o cie numerous
examples. For insance, his migh be a me o alk abou he produc liabiliy cases ha are regularly in
he headlines. Perhaps he case involving he woman who burned hersel wih coee rom McDonald’s
would be appropriae here.
c. Have he sudens discuss wha i means o have he law mainain order. You migh ask sudens
i mainaining order means mainaining he saus quo. This can lead o a discussion o legal realism and
views ha law is used by hose in power o reain heir power.
4. There is a endency or people o hink o law as imposing dues wihou considering how i
esablishes and preserves righs. Talk abou how our sysem ries o mach righs wih corresponding
dues.
a. Explain how dues, righs, and privileges make up subsanve law.
b. Explain ha procedural law provides he ramework wihin which subsanve laws are creaed
and enorced. Poin ou ha Chapers 2 and 4 oer a more deailed discussion o procedural law.
5. Ask he sudens o hink o an example o a duy imposed by subsanve law ha migh violae
some moral or ehical belie. This migh be a good me o alk abou he various schools o legal
jurisprudence. Have hem speculae how a legal posivis would dier rom a legal sociologis or naural
law heoris in handling such siuaons.
6. Conras criminal law wih civil law.
,a. Poin ou ha sociey considers i much worse o be conviced o a crime han o be held civilly
liable. Explain how, as a resul, here are more exacng procedural saeguards o proec a deendan in a
criminal rial han in a civil rial.
b. Noe he dierence beween compensaory damages and punive damages. Discuss he curren
uproar over punive damages and he Supreme Cour’s aemp o rein hem in. See Sae Farm Muual
Auomobile Insurance v. Campbell, 123 S.C. 1513 (U.S. Sup. C. 2003) (esablishing guideposs or
calculang punive damages). Punive damages are discussed urher in Chaper 6.
c. Poin ou ha ofen one can be subjec o sancons under boh criminal and civil laws wihou
violang he proscripon agains ―double jeopardy.‖ Find ou i he sudens hink ha punive
damages in a civil rial, coupled wih nes in a criminal rial, consue a ype o double jeopardy.
Marinello v. Unied Saes
Marinello was charged wih he crime o corruply impeding he due adminisraon o he Tax Code afer
he engaged in several acvies ha underrepored his axable income. However, he
U.S. Supreme Cour overurned his criminal convicon because Marinello was unaware ha he was
under IRS invesgaon a he me o his acvies. Cing he need o consrue criminal
saues narrowly, he Cour ruled ha he parcular saue—he Omnibus Clause—did no cover all
acvies ha underrepored income. The Cour believed ha he saue covered a narrower range o
acvies aimed direcly a hwarng he acvies o invesgaons when he axpayer knew or should
have known an invesgaon was underway.
Poins or Discussion: This case is placed in he ex as an example o he general rules underlying
criminal law. Specically, a person generally canno be conviced o a crime unless he or she violaes a
saue. However, such saues mus be objecvely clear o a reasonable person. This Governmen’s
inerpreaon o his saue was believed o gran he Governmen oo much discreon in deermining
wha consued a crime.
7. The brie inroducon o our legal sysem should be a review or mos sudens.
,a. The consuonal law maerial is more heavily discussed in Chaper 4. An argumen can be
made or i o be presened immediaely ollowing his chaper. However, we believe sudens should
rs review Chaper 2’s discussion o he dispue resoluon sysem.
b. Talk abou he role o he cours in deermining he consuonaliy o legislaon. Do hey
believe his gives he cours oo much power?
c. Explain he relaonship beween sae laws and ederal laws. Make cerain he sudens
undersand ha sae laws may no violae he ederal consuon and mus be consisen wih ederal
saues.
Henry Schein v. Archer & Whie Sales
The Federal Arbiraon Ac provides ha pares may, hrough heir power o conrac, agree ha heir
dispues will be arbiraed. In addion, he Ac allows hose same pares o agree ha an arbiraor,
raher han a cour, will deermine wheher ha arbiraon clause applies o any parcular dispue hey
may have. However, several ederal appellae cours carved ou a ―wholly groundless‖ excepon o he
laer rule by which hey allowed cours o conclude ha arbiraon was no appropriae when he cour
believed he claim o arbirabiliy was groundless. In his case, he U.S. Supreme Cour, cing boh he
saue and Supreme Cour preceden, ruled ha he
―wholly groundless‖ excepon was impermissible because i conradiced he saue.
Poins or Discussion: This case is an example o he limis on he judiciary’s discreon under he
common law. I illusraes ha in he hierarchy o laws, legislave law is superior o judge- made law. I
also illusraes he role o preceden in inerpreng saues.
8. The maerial on sauory inerpreaon can be exremely imporan in laying he oundaon or
how lawyers hink. More imporanly, i eaches sudens valuable crical hinking skills. Take he
sudens hrough he process or inerpreng saues. You may discuss sauory inerpreaon and legal
jurisprudence ogeher. Noe how posiviss ofen have problems
moving beyond he ―plain meaning‖ o words while naural law heoriss and legal sociologiss are
accused o ignoring hem.
Bosock v. Clayon Couny, Georgia
,Employers argued ha Civil Righs Ac’s prohibion agains discriminaon based on sex did no proec
employees who were red because hey were homosexual or ransgender. The employers assered ha
he law should no be expanded o proec hese employees because he legislaors who originally
enaced he saue would no have envisioned i being exended in his way. The
U.S. Supreme Cour disagreed. I ound no ambiguiy in he plain meaning o he saue—he Cour
believed he sauory language clearly prohibied such discriminaon because i was based on sex.
Poins or Discussion: Explain how he cour reused o look beyond he plain meaning o he saue,
concluding ha i would be wrong o aemp o glean he inen o each legislaor who voed or he
law. Discuss wheher his opinion is ruly legal posivis in naure. Explore how i migh have underones
o legal sociology.
9. Discuss he concep o sare decisis.
a. Noe how sare decisis promoes sabiliy.
Sewar v. Jusce
Resauran owners asked he cour o enjoin enorcemen o an execuve order requiring resauran
employees and cusomers o wear masks. The cour upheld he Mask Mandae, reasoning ha i was
reasonably designed o proec he healh o he public rom he spread o he COVID virus.
Poins or Discussion: Use his case o explain he process o sare decisis. Noe how he cour, in he
absence o clear preceden dealing wih COVID resricons, looked or guidance o a smallpox case
decided by he U.S. Supreme Cour more han 100 years ago. You migh also use his case o discuss
execuve orders and heir place in he hierarchy o legal rules. Explain how execuve orders may no
violae consuonal proecons. This case is also conneced o Chaper 4 and is discussion o due
process.
a. Noe how sare decisis permis change.
,b. Explain how he rule agains ex pos aco laws does no apply o insances where he cour has
reinerpreed a saue. Discuss how his can pose problems or people who relied on he original
inerpreaon.
c. Discuss he power o higher cours o overurn precedens and he risks ha arise when his
occurs.
Souh Dakoa v. Wayair
Two long-sanding U.S. Supreme Cour decisions long had inerpreed he Commerce Clause o preven
saes rom levying sales axes on sales unless he seller had a physical locaon in he ax-assessing sae.
Souh Dakoa asked he Cour o overurn hose precedens and permi saes o impose axes on online
sales o in-sae consumers. The Supreme Cour agreed wih Souh Dakoa, concluding ha he
preceden cases were no longer appropriae or he changed dynamics o he naonal economy in ligh
o he Cyber Age.
Poins or Discussion: This case is designed o demonsrae he condions under which a cour will
deviae rom sare decisis and overurn a previous holding. Cours generally are relucan o overrule a
preceden ou o concern ha ohers have relied on he prior holding. However, sressing ha sare
decisis is no an ―inexorable command,‖ he Cour el an obligaon o overurn he prior holding when,
as here, he preceden no only ails o reec realies o sociey, bu acually is harmul o he Saes.
Ask he sudens o speculae abou oher areas where, in ligh o he realies o modern lie, old
precedens may be ou o dae. Is personal privacy one o hose areas?
10. The maerials on jurisprudence are designed o illusrae how peoples’ values shape heir
inerpreaon o he law. You migh recommend ha sudens examine each decision in he chaper and
indicae wha school o jurisprudence he judge appears o represen. Have hem analyze a case rom
he poin o view o each o he schools o hough.
a. Conras he legal posivis wih a naural law hinker. Emphasize ha sudens should no
conuse naural law wih any parcular religion. Discuss he Rochin case reerred o in he secon on
Naural Law. Discuss why a cour migh eel compelled o explain ha is decision is no based on naural
law.
Sesay v. Aorney General
,Sesay was kidnapped by rebels and orced, a gunpoin, o carry heir weapons and supplies. Afer
escaping, he enered he Unied Saes and requesed asylum. This reques was reused because he
applicable immigraon saue does no allow he granng o asylum o individuals who have knowingly
aorded maerial suppor o erroriss. The cour reused o overrule he denial o asylum because he
immigraon saue did no conain a duress excepon.
Poins or Discussion: I is no clear ha his cour adheres o legal posivism. However, he cour’s
unwillingness o consider he ac ha Sesay was orced o assis he rebels cerainly akes on he
appearance o a posivis decision. The cour makes clear ha despie an inequiable
resul, Congress or he Execuve Branch (no he cours) mus address his issue. This illusraes he
harshness ha may aend legal posivis decision. Explain how a legal sociologis cour migh reach a
dieren resul.
a. Explain how legal sociologiss ofen have a social agenda and, accordingly, make decisions ha
promoe ha view o how he world should be ordered. Discuss he Buck
v. Bell case ha is reerenced in he secon on Sociological Jurisprudence. Explain how his case arose a
a me when sociees, ollowing he advice o geneciss, believed ha he human sock could be
srenghened by weeding ou weaker members. (This was par o he impeus or Nazi Germany’s pursui
o a maser race.) In he nal line o he decision, in suppor o is ruling ha Carrie Buck could be
serilized, he cour said:
―Three generaons o imbeciles are enough.‖ How do your sudens eel abou his saemen? How do
hey eel abou he case?
b. Sudens have a more dicul me comprehending legal realism. You migh explain realism as a
way o examining he suspeced movaons o oher decision makers or law enorcers. Raher han
accep he decision maker’s explanaon o her decision a ace value, he realis reads beween he lines
o see i here is a hidden agenda. You may ask sudens i hey believe ha a person is able o shed his
or her personal biases upon becoming a judge.
11. The concep o prevenve law is cenral o a course designed or business sudens. The ineres
o business people in law ordinarily is sricly insrumenal—o use heir knowledge o he law o reach
business objecves. Explain how knowledge o he law can avoid losses as well as permi opporunies.
, ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS AND PROBLEM CASES
1. Some o he primary uncons o law are o keep he peace, enorce sandards o conduc,
mainain he saus quo, aciliae planning, and promoe social jusce.
2. Cours make law in hree ways: (1) hrough inerpreaon, (2) by ―nding‖ he common law,
and (3) hrough judicial review.
3. The cour’s ailure o consider he equiable problems involved wih his oucome makes i
appear o be a legal posivis decision. Raher han rying o remedy wha appears o be an unair resul,
he cour conned is analysis o a lieral reading o he saue. This sounds like he hinking o a legal
posivis. Bowles v. Russell, 127 S.C. 2360 (U.S. Sup. C. 2007).
4. No. The esmony by he FDA ocial should no have been admied ino evidence. I here is a
requiremen ha he FDA’s approval mus be obained beore a ―bes when purchased by‖ dae may be
changed, i would, o be a lawul predicae o a criminal convicon, have o be ound in some saue or
regulaon, or a leas in some wrien inerpreve guideline or opinion, and no jus in he oral
esmony o an agency employee. I is a denial o due process o law o convic a person o a crime
because he violaed some bureaucra’s secre undersanding o he law. The idea o secre laws is
repugnan. People canno comply wih laws he exisence o which is concealed. Unied Saes v.
Farinella, 558 F.3d 695 (7h Cir. 2009).
5. This is no a legal posivis cour. The cour looked beyond he plain meaning o he saue,
concluding ha no every angible objec alls wihin he meaning o he law. When a cour looks a he
conex o a law, i is examining he purpose o he law (and somemes he policies ha migh be
implicaed by enorcing or dismissing he complain). This sounds like a legal sociologis. Yaes v. Unied
Saes, 135 S.C. 1074 (U.S. Sup. C. 2015).
6. The cour will use he process o sauory inerpreaon o decide his queson. I will begin by
looking a he plain meaning o he word ―vessel‖ o see i oang home clearly alls wihin ha erm. I
he plain (diconary meaning and common usage) does no conclusively decide he case, he cour will
look ino he legislave hisory in order o deermine he inen o Congress when i enaced he saue.
Here he cour concluded ha he sauory inen applies o an ―arcial conrivance capable o being
used as a means o ransporaon on waer. Consequenly, in our view, a srucure does no all wihin
he scope o his sauory phrase. A cour migh also look beyond his purpose inquiry o deermine i
here are public policy argumens or or agains nding he oang home o be a vessel wihin he
meaning o he saue. I ulmaely concluded ha here were policy argumens agains labeling he
craf as a vessel. Adopng a version o he ―anyhing ha oas‖ es would place unnecessary and