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BIOL 1001 Final Exam Questions and answers (
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BIOL 1001 Final Exam Questions and answers (202472025 Evolution - ✔✔Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Adaptation - ✔✔A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. natural selection - ✔✔A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rat es than other individuals because of those traits. Thomas Malthus - ✔✔Eighteenth -century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricu ltural production. selective breeding - ✔✔The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation Categories of Evolutionary Processes - ✔✔fossil fuels, biogeography, etc. selective pressure - ✔✔when the e nvironment pushes an individual or population to adapt or evolve homologous structures - ✔✔Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. analogous structures - ✔✔similarities among unrelated species that result from converg ent evolution convergent evolution - ✔✔Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments horizontal gene transfer - ✔✔The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as t ransposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms. Microevolution - ✔✔evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period. genetic variation - ✔✔Differences amo ng individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments phenotypic variation - ✔✔differences in appearance or function that are passed from generation to generation Population - ✔✔A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area gene pool - ✔✔All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time allele frequency - ✔✔Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene gene frequency - ✔✔the ratio of a particular allele to the total of all other alleles of the same gene in a given population. In a population of 100 four -o'clock flowers there are 40 red -flowered plants (CRCR), 38 pink -flowered plants (CRCW), and 22 white -flowered plants (CWCW). What is the frequency of theCW allele in this population? a. 0.32 or 32%b. 0.6 or 60%c. 0 .41 or 41%d. 0.09 or 9%e. 0.52 or 52% - ✔✔Answer: C Allele frequency is the number of copies of a specific allele in a population divided bythe total number of all alleles for that gene in the population In a population of 100 plants, 40 have genotype CRCR , 38 have genotype CRCW, and 22have genotype CWCW. In the same population of 100 plants, there would be 200 alleles ofthe C gene. The number of CW alleles equals two times the number of CWCW plants plusthe number of CRCW plants Finding the answer: CW = [2( 22) + 38]/200 = 0.41 or 41% Fitness - ✔✔Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment directional selection - ✔✔Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve hav e higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve stabilizing selection - ✔✔Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes balancing selection - ✔✔occurs when natural selection main tains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population disruptive selection - ✔✔form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fi tness than individuals near the middle Sexual (intrasexual) Selection - ✔✔part of sexual selection where members of the same sex (males) compete with each other to gain access to mate with females. Sexual (intersexual) Selection - ✔✔an interaction betwee n two sexes where the members of one sex choose the members of the opposite sex genetic drift - ✔✔A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. gene flow - ✔✔Movement of alleles into or out o f a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
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