NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL AND
MIDTERM 6501 3VERSIONS WALDEN UNIVERSITY REAL EXAM
REVIEWED EDITION NEWEST 2024/2025
What is signal transduction? - The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to the
interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - protein homeostasis and is
defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers),
chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of
these systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact
with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - (1) the extracellular membrane, (2)
cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell
junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - (1) fibrous structural
proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and
hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - (1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they
display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical
contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal,
neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? - Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.
What is anabolism? - energy-using process of metabolism
What is catabolism? - the energy-releasing process of metabolism
What is passive transport? - The movement of materials across the cell membrane
without using cellular energy, water and small electrically uncharged molecules, done
through osmosis
, What is oxidative phosphorylation? - occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism
by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to
ATP.
What is endocytosis and exocytosis? - Endo= into the cell (engulf). Exo= out of the cell
(excrete).
What is active transport? - requires the cell to expend energy (by means of ATP) to
move larger molecules and molecular complexes
What is pinocytosis? - the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles
from the cell membrane. (drinking)
How is endocytosis done? - when the substance to be transported is engulfed by a
segment of the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves into the cell.
How are cells specialized? - through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - Cellular injury causing cellular self-
digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - the largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are
cell division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the
nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - a network of tubular
channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes
in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - a network of smooth membranes and
vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and
packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - saclike structures that originate from the
Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for
digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids,
and carbohydrates
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