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Exam of 14 pages for the course USABO 2022 mass deck at USABO 2022 mass deck (year notes USABO.)
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year 2022-2023 notes USABOaxon hillock - correct answer-the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon
originates
-trigger zone
hyperopia - correct answer-A condition in which visual images come to a focus behind the
retina of the eye and vision is better for distant than for near objects -- called also
farsightedness.
axon hillock has high concentration of what voltage gated pumps - correct answer-sodium
and potassium
how to calculate membrane potential - correct answer-the outside of the neuron, the other
side of the membrane is always zero
ions inside neuron - correct answer-K+, Na+ and proteins
Protein charge - correct answer-The net charge of a protein decreases linearly with
molecular weight, with small proteins being mostly positively charged and large proteins
negatively charged.
Astrocytes - correct answer-Star shapes neuron cells
Functions
1. Create blood barrier function and prevent diffusion and passage of pathogens in vessels
by using podocytes (foot like extensions)
2. Prevents hemmorage
3. Creates scarring in response to damage
4.lay in between neurons?
all clotting factors are made in the liver EXCEPT - correct answer-Factor 8 and 4
Billrubin function - correct answer-Just a waste product of atrophied rbc
But has some antioxidant effect
Shwann cells - correct answer-Specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in
the PNS.
One cell covers one part of the axon
Microgila - correct answer-Special whit blood cells in the CNS that eats debris, pathagens &
dead cells
gilal cells - correct answer-cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect
neurons
, Amyloid plaques - correct answer-A characteristic of Alzheimer's disease fragments of the
protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication
between neurons
neurofibrillary tangles - correct answer-spiral-shaped masses formed when fibers that
compose the axon become twisted together
pace maker cells - correct answer-T type calcium channels are found in ________
Cells that maintain heart rate by intiating electric impulses through calcium channels.
Sinoatrial node is the primary pacemaker, the part of heart with most pacemaker cells
Conductive cells not contractile
The pacemaker cells are connected to neighboring contractile cells via gap junctions, which
enable them to locally depolarize adjacent cells. Gap junctions allow the passage of positive
cations from the depolarization of the pacemaker cell to adjacent contractile cells.
afferent arteries of the right ventricle - correct answer-Pulmonary artery
myosattelite cells - correct answer-multipotent stem cells
contribute to hypertrophy of muscle
add myonuclei
increase cytoplasm by fusion
gila satelite cells - correct answer--cover sympathetic and autonomic gilal
-regulate extracellular composition of gilal cells
-works similar to blood brain barrier; cannot pass large molecules
-GABA
carboxyl group - correct answer-COOH
Amine - correct answer-R-NH2
carbonyl group - correct answer-C=O
Nucleosides consist of - correct answer-sugar and nitrogenous base
(no phosphate)
Na/K pump - correct answer-3 Na out, 2 K in
what creates the -70 mV in neuron
what creates resting potential in neuron - correct answer-leaky channels of sodium and
potassium
na k pump
Cl- ions
Ions in Neurons - correct answer-Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-
granulocytes and agranulocytes - correct answer-two types of leukocytes
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