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Summary Glycobiology
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Glycobiology summaryMade by: Abduallah Lemdjad
Course: Glycobiology
Date:12-04-2024
,Lecture 1 – Introduction into glycobiology
Sugars are one of the most essential building blocks of life. All cells in
nature are coated with a dense layer of glycans (polysaccharides).
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of glycans. A monosaccharide is
the simplest form of a sugar and cannot be further hydrolysed into a
smaller molecule. The most abundant monosaccharides are:
- D-Glucose - D-Mannose
- L-Fructose - D-Galactose
- N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine - N-Acetyl-D-Galactosamine
- D-Xylose - D-Glucoronic acid
- L-Iduronic acid - N-Acetyl neuraminic acid
In glycobiology, researchers use a specific form of nomenclature to
discuss and indicate specific monosaccharides based on their structure, as
one monosaccharides can have multiple structural shapes.
, The OH-groups of monosaccharides are used to connect two
monosaccharides to each other to form a disaccharide. This reaction is
performed by an enzyme called glycosyltransferase, forming a glycosidic
bond.
The glycome refers to the complete set of complex carbohydrates
produced by a cell, tissue, or organism. This refers free or chemically
bound sugars. Around 2%-3% of the genome is involved in the
biosynthesis of glycans and maintenance. Glycoproteoforms are
variations of proteins that result from the process of glycosylation, which
is the addition of sugar to proteins. This modification can affect a proteins
function, stability, distribution, and interaction with other molecules. There
are two different ways of protein glycosylation:
- N-linked glycans: attachment of a glycan to a nitrogen atom (N) of
an asparagine (Asn).
- O-linked glycans: attachment of a glycan to an oxygen atom (O) of
serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr).
Glycoconjugates are a group of biomolecules that consist of glycans
covalently linked to proteins or lipids. Glycan recognition involves
molecules that specifically bind to glycans. These are called glycan-
binding-proteins (GBP) or lectins.
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