SLCC Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions Graded A 2024 Acquired Immunity types - Naturally Acquired Passively -mother's milk Actively -infected with pathogen Artificially Acquired Passively -vaccine Actively -Serum gamma globulin Actinic Keratosis - Premalignant lesion from sun exposure that can → squamous cell carcinoma. Adrenal Gland Abnormalities - Addison's Disease→Hyposecretion of Adrenal Cortical Cushing's Disease→Hypersecretion of Adrenal Cortical Pheochromocytoma→Hypersecretion of catecholamines Angioma - benign tumors derived from cells of the vascular or lymphatic vessel walls (endothelium) or derived from cells of the tissues surrounding these vessels Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Starts with Acute lung injury/insult (ALI) First Stage→Respiratory Alkalosis→hyperventilation Intermediate stage→ACIDOSIS Respiratory→ hypoventilation and Metabolic K⁺ cell breakdown Intermediate stage→PULMONARY EDEMA →cell breakdown turns on inflammatory response Intermediate state→BLOOD CLOTTING platelets responds to inflammation further blocking perfusion Late stage→RESPIRATORY FAILURE continued acidosis Autonomic Dysreflexia - is an abnormal cardiovascular response to stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system; occurs as a result of stimulation of the bladder, large intestine, or other visceral organs not being able to send co rrect signals Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland. Age -related but otherwise unknown etiology. Frequency, urgency, straining to void, decreased urine stream, incontinence, impotence, palpable prostate, nocturia. Can give a false -positive PSA test TURP - Transurethral Resection of the Prostate an instrument is inserted up the urethra to remove the section of the prostate that is blocking urine flow in BPH Blood Components - Myeloid Cells Bone RBC Kidney Erythropoietin WBC Thymus T -lymphocytes Platelets Liver Thrombopoietin RBC - provide oxygen WBC - Granulocytes Basophils -allergic reaction Histamines Eosinophils -allergy and parasites Neutrophil Agranulocytes Lymphocytes -B and T -(timely) Monocytes→Macrophages→ phagocytosis Platelets - Thrombocytes→ Clotting Burn Treatment - Give Hypertonic fluid to prevent hypervolemia Watch for fluid overload due to sudden improvement give hypotonic to provide tissue with fluid Give Electrolytes that were lost Cardiogenic Shock - Myocardial damage that causes the heart to fail to pump blood sufficiently to meet the body's demand. Cells of Inflammation - endothelial, platelet, leukocytes Endothelial Cells of Inflammation - line the blood vessels - Produces chemicals that a. vasodilate or vasoconstrict b. cause blood thinning/prevent clotting (to keep vein open) c. allow entrance/exit into and out of the blood vessel (vessel wall permeability) d. control inflammatory mediators Platelets of Inflammation - thrombocytes a. Responsible for blood coagulation/clotting b. Platelets release of over 300 potent inflammatory mediators Leukocytes of Inflammation - They are the major cellular component of the inflammatory response The term "LEUKOCYTOSIS" means a higher than normal production of White Blood Cells (usually neutrophils) in the blood, and is a common indicator of inflammation and infection. WBCs are classified as either GRANULOCYTES or AGRANULOCYTES Types of Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Ischemic Throbmitic CVA Ischemic Embolic CVA Hemorrhagic CVA Ischemic Throbmitic CVA - Plaque builds up and cuts off blood to brain Ischemic Embolic CVA - blood clot moves to the brain and cuts off blood flow to brain Hemorrhagic CVA - Bleeding into the brain FAST - Face droops Arms - both arms held up and one will start to fall Speech -slurred speech Time - CALL 911 NOW! Non-Modifiable Risk Factors CVA - Genetics.
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