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Samenvatting - international migration (FSWC2-030)
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International migrationWeek 1
Lecture 1
✓ Lecture 1 There has been an increase in net migration:
✓ Readings: De Haas chapter 1
Important definitions
International migration: individuals who leave
their country of usual residence to live in another
country for at least one year
- Excludes temporary visitors (ex. Tourists)
Migrant: someone born abroad (foreign born)
- There are different drivers for migration
Displaced person: internally displaced → moved
from where they lived but they didn’t leave the
country
The total share of the world population that is a
Refugees: externally displaced people
migrant is still quite small (3.5%). However,
Forced migrants: people compelled to flee their migration did increase due to globalization. But so
homes and seek refuge elsewhere. did the world population.
Statistics - The impact of migration is quite big though.
Migration is not divided evenly across countries, - Internal migration is way more then
there is more migration to more developed international migration.
countries (there is also a larger share of their If we look at migration by continent, the absolute
citizens living abroad). increase of migrants also becomes clear (strongly
visible in Asia).
Origin:
In 2020 there were 281 million migrants which is
3.5% of the world population. This rises to 11.6%
in more developed regions.
Net migration: Settlement minus departure. This
can both be positive or negative.
- Negative balance: more people leave then
settle Destination:
- Positive balance: more people settle then
leave
, Colonial times
Statistics concerting refugees:
1700-1900
There are 80 million refugees worldwide: 46
- Transatlantic migration: Migration from EU
million “internal displaced”, 30 million refugees
to the ‘new world’
(abroad), 4 million asylum seekers (‘in procedure’).
- Migration in Asia: from China to the
surrounding area
- Transatlantic slave trade: Forced migration
from Africa to America and the Arabic world
→ slave trade:
As shown, most migrants (both economic and
refugees) stay in the region of their origin country.
- Even if they would want to move further, few
have the actual resources to do so.
Migration aspirations
Migration aspirations (wish to migrate) are much
higher than the actual migration taking place. Post-war
1945 - late 1970s (after the second world war)
Migration aspirations are 14% compared to the
- Post-war migration: Europeans leave for
3.5% that are actually migrants.
English speaking countries (US, Canada,
History of migration flows Australia, etc)
Migration is not a new concept; it has happened as - “Guest workers” migration: labor migrants
long as humanity itself exists. International from Southern Europe and North Africa to
migration however is new, as there was a time Northwest Europe. Meant as temporary, but
without borders. many workers stayed and had their families
come over.
, - Postcolonial migration: residents from Migration transition: traditional sending
former colonies move to former colonial countries (Southern Europe, later Russia, Turkey,
powers Mexico) become receiving countries
- After 1975: increasing labor migration from
Feminization of labor migration: due to
South and Southeast Asia to the Gulf States
increased labor participation of women → Leading
Since 1980 to transnational parenthood
Growing politicization and securitization of
migration: there are different opinions about
migration leading to debates of citizenship, identity
and diversity.
Migration in sending and receiving
societies
Migration for receiving societies:
- They welcome migrants in times of prosperity
and blame them the moment something goes
After 1980 wrong.
- Creates increased ethnic and cultural
We have arrived at contemporary migration; this diversity
is more complex and diversified. - While the benefits of migration are positive
- Since 1990s: increased refugee migration: overall, they are not distributed evenly across
- longer distance and more diversity (typical: society. The rich benefit while the poor have
more countries involved) to compete with migrants.
o There were war and violence before the - Is linked to security risks → politicization.
1980s but it didn’t result into Migration to origin society is a conflict of brain
international migration drain VS remittances.
o In Europe people started receiving
refugees from places that they have never Age of migration
been connected to International migration is one of the most
- Growing migration in Europe after 1990 (fall important factors of global change.
of the “iron curtain”, EU enlargement 2004): There are several reasons why the age of
growing East-West migration in Europe migration will endure:
o Also, in 2007 Creates demand
- Large labor migration from Asia to oil-rich - Increasing levels of education and
for lower and
Gulf states specialization
higher skilled
- Growing complexity of labor
Migration in the age of globalization labor migrants
markets
Globalization of migration: more and more - Inequalities in wealth and job opportunities
countries affected by international migration. will continue to motivate people to move
- And an increase in intercontinental migration abroad
- Violent conflict and political oppression will
Changing directions of migration: less migrants fuel refugee movements
from Europe, more from and in Latin-America
and in Asia. Challenges of international migration
Two major challenges for domestic and
- Ex. During the decolonialization period Europe international politics:
turned from a sending country to a receiving country.
- Settlement of migrants and increasing diversity
New migration destinations: Not only “global challenges dominant concepts of nation
North” (EU & US) but Gulf States and East- and states → identity, belonging and integration
South-East Asia (Japan, South Korea, Singapore, - Challenge that migration poses to the
Malaysia) as industrial core of Asia. sovereignty of states → ability to regulate the
movement of people across their boarders.
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