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Summary prevention of crime sociology aqa
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sociology notes covering prevention of crime. with evaluations and researchers etc.
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PREVENTION OF CRIME C&D PAGERESEARCHERSONE
Reiner Environmental Crime Situational crime prevention (right): making
Clarke Shapland et al prevention: (right)
Functional: different types of crime Foucault
crime harder to commit, in certain situations,
Felson crime caused by anti-social adaptations can be made to prevent deviancy.
Displacement: moving crime elsewhere Beck
Garland
Target: choosing different target behaviour, e.g. drugs & vandalism. e.g. looking at crimes people commit where
Wilson & Kelling
Temporal: different time If continued, areas deteriorate = they’re done & what can be done to prevent it.
Tactical: different method
deviants see communities not Clarke rational choice theory: benefits of
Social & community crime prevention: (left) caring encourages deviancy. crime outweigh costs.
More focused on working with offenders and local communities to prevent Solution: pre-emptive approach: focus on
Broken window thesis: Wilson &
offending e.g. workshops. reducing opportunities to commit rather than
Kelling: link between disorder and
e.g. Perry pre-school project kids had more attention by teachers e.g. improving society/institutions.(Clarke
crime. Visible signs of decay e.g.
home visits= 50% reduction in crime rate, through socialisation. identified 3 SCP measures:)
broken windows must be tackled
labelling theory: should stop negative labelling, CJS focused on -Target hardening: potential victims need to
immediately. Fear of crime=
retributive justice (punishing offender removing from society ‘design out’ crime from lives, e.g. investing
respected ppl leave= community
(disintegrative))= increases chances of reoffending. in personal security (locking doors), reduce
lacks order=crime. easier to
Solution: ensure ethnic/gender bias etc is minimised. reward of committing crime.
prevent crime in neighbourhoods -greater surveillance: CCTV &
Introduce Restorative justice, bring victims & offenders together help see
rather than rescue, minor issues neighbourhood watch increases risk of
what they did wrong, allowing to apologise, punish in forgiving respectful
need to be treated same as serious getting caught.
way avoiding deviant careers. (reintegrative)
crimes. -environmental management: making
Evaluation:
Structural changes= expensive & take time to take effect. Zero tolerance policy: police public space more defensible to make crime
Shapland et al: formed restorative justice scheme in UK, =offenders less enforcing every facet of law, paying difficult. E.g. car parks more secure, streets
likely to reoffend. (pro) attention to minor crimes e.g. with more lighting= EXAMPLE STUDY:
begging and graffiti. Stoke-on-Trent, brighter lighting =decrease
Surveillance by Prevention of crime-surveillance: right realists-
Giving police less freedom to use of 26% in crime.
CCTV (evidence tougher punishments
for court): Overt discretion, under policy, must hand Evaluation:
Post modernist Michael Foucault, surveillance= new
Increased CCTV form of state power. Shift to disciplinary power= ppl out strict penalties for deviancy. (PRO)Felson: Port Authority Bus Terminal
controversial= Results: 22% fall in crime in NYC example where SCP worked. E.g. bad
more likely to conform if they think they are being design= opportunity for crimetoilets (drugs),
invading privacy. UK=useful!
watched, under surveillance all the time e.g. loyalty reshaping physical environment = reduction in
no consent=no Evaluation:
cards, ID and CCTV. (= change in behaviourknow we crime, e.g. replacing large sinks reduced
control Crime also fallen in places without
cost= expensive, are being watched-Hawthorne effect?) numbers of homeless people by bus station.
Panopticon: prison design: prisoners visible to guards zero tolerance policy. -only tackles opportunistic crimes, ignoring
bad quality at
but can’t see guards or other prisoners. (Bentham idea) More expensive than SCP= lots of white collar & corporate state crimes, Marxists
night.
police to patrol an area. argue are more costly.
Evaluating surveillance:
Reiner: police better to be deployed -Garland: ignores factors such as deprivation/
Underestimate’s ability to resist surveillance vandalising speed cameras. inequality as a cause of crime.
for more serious crime areas rather
Beck: surveillance is useful for sifting out dangerous ppl from society e.g. -SCP displaces not reduces criminals move
than minor anti-social behavioural
terrorists elsewhere e.g. poorer areas.
issues.
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