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Summary labelling theory sociology aqa alevel
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covers all of labelling theory in a concise ad detailed way. with evaluation and researchers.
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Interested in how and why certain acts are defined or labelledINTERACTIONIST LABELLING THEORY C&D as criminal.
BECKER: “social groups create deviance by creating the rules whose infraction (breaking) Argue that No act is essentially criminal or deviant in itself- in
constitutes deviance and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as all situations and all times.
outsiders.” Only becomes crime or deviant when labelled as
Argues there is no value consensus on deviance, deviant= someone who label has been applied to it=SOCIETAL CREATION. (by society e.g., religious
successfully. Those who are labelled, are labelled based on gender class and ethnicity. belief) (crime is socially constructed)
LT can be applied across whole justice system, showing how criminals emerge. Not the nature of the act that makes it deviant but the
Police, public court selectively label marginalised as deviant, who then conform by responding nature of society’s reaction to the act.
with more deviance. (self-fulfilling prophecy)
Argues deviant label can become “master career” individuals deviant identity overrules other
Reintegrative and Disintegrative shaming: Braithwaite
identities, =deviant career
Believes deviance made worse by labelling and punishment by
E.g., lifesaving doctor, who may run naked would be seen as deviant and seen for this rather than
authorities, to reduce deviance, we should make fewer rules for
saving people.
people to break, have less serious punishments for those who do
break rules.
Negotiation of justice: Cicourel E.g., policy would be the decriminalisation of drugs. E.g. California
Not all deviants get labelled, OFFICER TYPIFICATIONS: (stereotypes) of typical criminals leads cannabis is legal. Would reduce number of people with criminal
police to focus on types of people more likely to offend e.g., by patrolling working class areas if convictions and the risk of secondary deviance.
people fight a lot in one area police will most likely patrol there.
Found that a middle-class youth was less likely to be charged with offences in comparison to Disintegrative shaming= where not only the crime but criminal is
working class youths as their social background didn’t fit the stereotypes of a ‘typical’ delinquent. labelled, offender is excluded from society,
Middle class parents are able to negotiate, e.g., counselling/warning etc but WC more often
charged with criminal offences. Reintegrative shaming= contrasts by labelling the act but not the
criminal to say ’he’s done a bad thing’ rather than ‘he’s a bad
Primary And Secondary Deviance: Lemert person.
Primary deviance: deviant acts not publicly labelled as criminal acts. Society and individual do not Policy of reintegrative shaming avoids stigmatising the offender
see self as deviant e.g., laughing gas vendor channel 4. as evil, whilst making aware of the negative impact of actions on
Secondary deviance: deviant acts & individuals that are labelled. stigmatised and excluded others. Victims encouraged to forgive person, not the act ,
form society. Hughes: Once labelled, people see them by their ‘master status’ leads to a deviant welcomed back in society avoiding secondary deviance.
career and struggle to find employment. E.g., nitrous oxide bill-ban laughing gas possession BBC
news.
RESEARCHERS: Mental illness: Rosenhan. Evaluations
Becker Psychiatric diagnosis, got
admitted to psychiatric hospitals Assumes offenders are passive, ignores personal choice in committing crime.
Cicourel (faked symptoms-hallucinations) Gives offenders a ‘victim status’ – realists= ignores actual victims
Lemert acted normally inside but still Emphasises negatives of labelling rather than positives
Hughes were diagnosed=psychiatrists
Braithwaite labels can be unreliable and Focus mainly on secondary and not why primary deviance exists
Rosenhan stigmatising. Structural sociologists= deeper explanation of crime exists, not just labelling and interactions.
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