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Sports Science Option A Questions & answers with Complete solutions | Latest edition
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Sports Science Option A5 Classes of Banned Non-Nutritional Ergogenic Aids - correct answer-Anabolic steroids,
hormones and related substances, diuretics and masking agents, beta blockers, and
stimulants. Benefits may include improvement in both anaerobic and aerobic performance,
increase muscle mass and strength, provide faster recovery between training sessions and
from injury.
Anabolic Steroids - correct answer-Class of substances that initiate or assist the process of
building up the amount and/ or size of tissues in the body. Potential benefits: Increase
muscle mass, strength and/ or power, recover faster from exercise and train more often,
lower body fat, and improved endurance. Harmful effect: Heart problems and liver problems,
reduced natural production of hormones, oily skin and acne, and altered mental state.
Beta Blockers - correct answer-Class of substances that block the influence of adrenaline.
Potential benefits: Improved precision and accuracy and reduced anxiety. Harmful effects:
Bronchospasms in asthma sufferers, cardiac failure if pre-existing heart condition,
hypoglycemia from increased insulin production, and low heart rate and blood pressure.
Caffeine - correct answer-Central nervous system stimulant, having the effect of temporarily
warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Potential benefit: Improved endurance and
alertness. Harmful effects: Nervousness, insomnia. tremors, and heart arrhythmia.
Diuretics - correct answer-Substances that increase the removal of water by increased
urination.
Potential benefits: Masking agent, weight control for sports with weight classes, physical
appearance to "look the part" in bodybuilding or gymnastics. Harmful effects: Reduced
thermoregulation, fatigue, cramps and soreness, and nausea.
Ergogenic Aids - correct answer-Any substance or phenomenon that improves an athlete's
performance.
Erythropoietin - correct answer-Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production by
stimulating red bone marrow cells. Increases hemoglobin concentrations. Potential benefits:
increase in endurance performance, increased red blood cells, increased oxygen uptake and
transport, and improved aerobic capacity as it removes carbon dioxide from tissues. Harmful
effects: Increased blood viscosity, increased clotting tendency, heart attack , and thrombosis.
Exercise in the Heat - correct answer-Heat-related disorders include heat cramps, heat
exhaustion and heat stroke. Because of their relatively large body surface area and
immature sweat response, infants, children and young adolescents are more susceptible to
complications associated with exercise performed in heat and cold.
Health Risks of Exercising in the Cold - correct answer-Frostbite: occurs when the skin and
body tissues are exposed to cold temperature for a prolonged period of time. Symptoms
include pins and needles feeling followed by numbness, skin that is hard and pale, the area
, may ache or throb, and lack of sensation. As the area thaws, the flesh becomes red and
very painful. Hypothermia: low body temperature (34-35 degrees Celsius). Symptoms
include uncontrolled shivering, slurred speech, stumbling, and drowsiness.
Heat & Humidity - correct answer-The body's temperature regulation mechanisms might not
function effectively in hot and humid conditions, hyperthermia can result. Sweat does not
evaporate and cool as easily due to the humidity. Hyperthermia is a serious condition in
which core body temperature has risen dangerously high. It is characterised by confusion,
hot skin, headache, nausea and, in severe cases, by collapse and coma.
Indicators of Overtraining - correct answer-Changes in resting HR, chronic muscle soreness,
reduced immune function and frequent upper respiratory tract infections, sleep disturbance,
fatigue, decreased appetite, sudden and unexplained decrease in performance.
Macrocycle - correct answer-Entire year training program.
Mesocycle - correct answer-Specific block of training designed to achieve a specific goal that
fits into one of the three phases.
Methods of Training - correct answer-Flexibility Training: increase range of motion. Strength
and Resistance Training: resistance against muscle contraction to increase size and/ or
power. Circuit Training: combining resistance and aerobic exercise to increase overall
conditioning.Interval Training: maximal intensity interspersed with low intensity work for
recovery. Flexible by changing duration, rest , or number of intervals. Plyometrics: fast,
powerful, short-duration exercise to improve power and force; rapid stretching followed by
rapid contraction. Continuous Training: period of exercise without rest; most successful to
improve VO2 Max. Fartlek Training: combination of continuous and interval training; random
and spontaneous bouts of increased intensity without a strict routine. Cross-Training: using
different techniques to improve overall performance.
Microcycle - correct answer-Weekly training program that forms the foundation of long-term
goals. Includes training and rest periods that occur within a week but contribute to overall
goal.
Overreaching - correct answer-Transient overtraining
Overtraining - correct answer-When an athlete attempts to do more training than he/she is
able to physically or mentally tolerate. Results in a number of symptoms that are highly
individualized.
Periodization - correct answer-Preparation (pre-season): 3-6 months. General preparation
phase- basic fitness and conditioning.Specific preparation phase- focus shifts to preparing
for the competitive season and is more specific to the skill needed for the season.
Competition: no large gains in fitness, but rather a focus on maintenance with improvement
on sport specific skills and technique. Transition (post-season): 3-4 weeks. Recover mentally
and physically from the season while maintaining an acceptable level of activity (different
from their normal routine) before beginning Preparation Phase.
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