NU 327 Cardio Test Pt 1
What is the goal of the circulatory system? - ANS-transport oxygen and nutrients and the
removal of metabolic waste in the body
What is the role of the lymphatic system? - ANS-reabsorbs fluid that leaks out of vascular
network
Describe the structure of arteries - ANS-3 layers
- tunica intima: endothelial cells, direct contact w the blood and smooth
- tunica media: muscular tissue that constricts and dilates when needed
- tunica adventitia: connective tissue
What effect does the composition of the blood have on the endothelium? - ANS-- high
cholesterol causes injury to the endothelial wall and fat deposits on artery walls
- glucose damages walls
- vasoconstriction
- nicotine
Hyperlipidemia - ANS-elevated levels of lipids in the blood stream
Etiology Hyperlipidemia - ANS-- elevated levels of lipids
- leads to atherosclerosis
- 20% of adults older than 20
What are the effects of smoking on the body? - ANS-- increased thrombus formation
- nicotine elevates levels of LDL and decreases levels of HDL
- vasospasms
- increased platelet aggregation
- release of endogenous catecholamines
coronary heart disease
Saturated Fats - ANS-solid forms of animal fats (meat, eggs, butter, cheese)
Unsaturated Fats - ANS-liquid forms of fat (any kinda oil)
S&S Of Hyperlipidemia - ANS-- some are asymptomatic until there is a problem
- xanthoma and xanthelasma
- yellow ring around cornea (arcus senilis)
- metabolic syndrome (obesity, HTN, glucose intolerance)
How is hyperlipidemia diagnosed? - ANS-- Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL
, - LDL: less than 100
- HDL: above 60 less than 40 is at risk for heart disease
- triglycerides: less than 150 mg/dL
How is hyperlipidemia treated? - ANS-- life style changes
- drugs for reducing triglycerides and cholesterol
- angioplasty
- CABG
stroke volume (SV) - ANS-volume of blood leaving the heart w each contraction
peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) - ANS-resistance to ejection radius of arteries affect it
What is cardiac output and what is normal? - ANS-heart rate: 60-100 bpm
CO= SV x HR
What is the formula for BP? - ANS-BP = CO x PVR
MAP (mean arterial pressure) - ANS-SBP + 2(DBP)/3 Normal is 70-110
Arterial control - ANS-increases cardiac output (CO)
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system RAAS - ANS-- made by kidneys
- secrete renin when BP is decreased
- results in increase in BP
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ANS-increases BP
fluid volume - ANS-- increases PVR to increase BP
- increases ECF to increase CO which then increases PVR which increases BP
What does systolic mean related to BP? - ANS-top number and the contraction of the heart
What does diastolic mean related to BP? - ANS-bottom number and the relaxation of the heart
Causes of orthostatic hypotension - ANS-▫Reduced blood volume
▫Vasovagal response
▫Drug induced
▫Aging
▫Prolonged bed rest
▫Autonomic nervous system disorders
S/S of orthostatic hypotension - ANS-- dizziness
- blurred vision
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