BIOLOGY 1406 FINAL EXAM (700 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS) 2024 UPDATED GRADED A+.
What is homeostasis - Answ the process whereby living organisms
regulate their cells and bodies to maintain relatively stable internal
conditions
What are the characteristics of living things - Answ 1. Cells and
Organization
2. Energy use and metabolism
3. Response to environmental changes
4. Regulation and homeostasis
5. Growth and Development
6. Reproduction
7. Biological Evolution
atom - Answ the smallest component of an element having the chemical
properties of the element
molecule - Answ Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
macromolecule - Answ many molecules bonded together to form a
polymer such a polypeptide (carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are
examples)
cell - Answ the simplest unit of a living organism, composed of molecules
and macromolecules, form larger structures such as membranes
tissue - Answ association of many cells of the same type
organ - Answ two or more types of body tissues combined to perform a
common function
organism - Answ a living thing that maintains an internal order that is
separated from the environment
,population - Answ group of individuals of the same species that occupy the
same environment and can interbreed with one another
community - Answ an assemblage of populations of different species that
live in the same place at the same time
ecosystem - Answ the biotic community of organisms in an area as well as
the abiotic environment affecting the community
biosphere - Answ the regions on the surface of the earth and in the
atmosphere where living organisms exist
What are the two mechanisms of evolutionary change - Answ Vertical
descent and horizontal gene transfer
vertical descent - Answ Progression of changes in lineage (a series of
ancestors). Occurs from generation to generation. New species evolve
from pre-existing species by accumulation of mutations (natural selection)
horizontal gene transfer - Answ A process in which an organism
incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the
offspring of that organism
What are the three domains - Answ Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
What are the four kingdoms - Answ animalia, fungi, plantae, and protista
bacteria - Answ single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
archaea - Answ Single-celled, no nucleus, Live in harsh conditions
eukarya - Answ Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including
protists, plants, fungi, and animals
protista - Answ single-celled organism with nuclei (algae, protozoans)
plantae - Answ A classification kingdom made up of eukaryotic,
multicellular organisms that have cell walls made mostly of cellulose, that
have pigments that absorb light, and that supply energy and oxygen to
themselves and to other life-forms through photosynthesis
,animalia - Answ Kingdom of the most complex organisms; multi-cellular,
heterotrophic, lack rigid cell walls, mobile, tissues in internal organs,
sensory organs, nervous system
taxonomy - Answ the science of naming and classifying organisms
binomial nomenclature - Answ a system for giving each organism a two-
word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the
species name
genomes - Answ the complete instructions for making an organism,
consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
proteomes - Answ the complete complement of proteins that a cell or
organism can make
scientific method - Answ a general approach to gathering information and
answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized
Five Stages of Scientific Method - Answ Observations, Hypothesis,
Experimentation, Data & Analysis, Accept/Reject Hypothesis
metabolism - Answ All of the chemical reactions that occur within an
organism
biological evolution - Answ Changes in the genetic composition of a
population through successive generations.
theory - Answ a broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that
is substantiated by a large body of evidence; makes valid predictions
hypothesis - Answ a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon
based on previous observations or experimental studies
discovery-based science - Answ the collection and analysis of data without
the need for a preconceived hypothesis
subatomic particles - Answ protons, neutrons, and electrons
, where are subatomic particles located - Answ Protons and neutrons are
found in the nucleus and electrons are found in the electron shell
protons - Answ positive- found in nucleus- same number as electrons
neutrons - Answ neutral- found in nucleus- number can vary
electrons - Answ negative- found in orbitals- same number as protons
why are atoms electrically neutral - Answ they have an equal # of protons
and electrons
orbitals - Answ Regions within electron shells where electrons orbit the
nucleus
s orbitals - Answ sphere shaped; hold 2 electrons
p orbitals - Answ 3 dumbbell/propeller shaped orbitals (2p); can hold 4
pairs of electrons
1st shell - Answ holds a max of 2 electrons; 1 spherical orbital (1s)
2nd shell - Answ 1 spherical orbital (2s) & 3 dumbbell shaped orbitals (2p)
can hold up to 8 electrons
What is the atomic number of an atom - Answ The number of protons in
the nucleus of the atom
atomic mass - Answ total mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom,
measured in atomic mass units
molecules - Answ Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds
ions - Answ electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons
ionic bonds - Answ bond formed when one or more electrons are
transferred from one atom to another
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