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XI BOTANY NEW CHAPTER-05: MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS _ A&R TEST ITEMS
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https://t.me/R_Inayathullah_Best_Wishes XI_Botany _ New Chap-05 Morphology of Flowering Plants (Assertion and Reason Statements)XI_BOTANY_NEW_CHAPTER-05: MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS _ A&R TEST ITEMS
# Correct Assertion Correct Reason
5.1 THE ROOT
1 Dicotyledonous plants exhibit a tap root system. Primary root elongation forms the tap root with lateral roots.
Monocotyledonous plants have a fibrous root system. The primary root is short-lived, replaced by multiple roots from
2
the stem base.
Adventitious roots arise in some plants like grass, These roots originate from plant parts other than the radicle.
3
Monstera, and banyan tree.
Root hairs, delicate structures, absorb water and Emerging from the maturation zone's epidermal cells, they
4
minerals from the soil. enhance nutrient absorption.
The root cap protects the apex during soil It's a thimble-like structure shielding the tender root apex.
5
penetration.
Meristematic activity occurs above the root cap. Small, thin-walled cells in this zone repeatedly divide,
6
promoting root growth.
The region of elongation facilitates rapid cell Proximal to the meristematic zone, cells undergo enlargement,
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elongation. contributing to root growth.
Maturation zone follows the region of elongation. Cells in this zone differentiate and mature, marking the
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subsequent stage of root development.
Different regions of the root include root cap, Each region plays a distinct role in root development, ensuring
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meristematic, elongation, and maturation. protection, growth, and maturation.
Root systems have vital functions like water These functions collectively contribute to plant growth,
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absorption, anchorage, and food storage. development, and adaptation to the environment.
5.2 THE STEM
The stem is the ascending part of the axis bearing It develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating
11
branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. seed.
Nodes on the stem are regions where leaves are born; This structural arrangement defines the stem's distinct features.
12
internodes are portions between two nodes.
The stem bears buds, which may be terminal or Buds contribute to future growth and branching, enhancing the
13
axillary. stem's adaptive capabilities.
Stems are generally green when young, later This color transformation reflects age-related changes and the
14
becoming woody and dark brown. transition to a supportive, woody structure.
The stem's main function includes spreading out Additionally, it conducts water, minerals, and photosynthates,
15
branches with leaves, flowers, and fruits. essential for plant growth and development.
Some stems function in storage of food, support, These diverse functions contribute to the stem's adaptability
16
protection, and vegetative propagation. and role in plant survival and reproduction.
5.3 THE LEAF
The leaf is a lateral, flattened structure attached to Developing at the node, it bears an axillary bud that later
17
the stem at a node. becomes a branch.
Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems and are Shoot apical meristems give rise to leaves arranged in order of
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arranged acropetally. development from base to tip.
A typical leaf comprises three main parts: leaf base, These parts contribute to the leaf's structure and function,
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petiole, and lamina. supporting photosynthesis.
In monocotyledons, the leaf base may expand into a This adaptation enhances structural support and protection,
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sheath covering the stem. particularly in monocotyledonous plants.
The petiole aids in holding the blade to light; long, Fluttering cools the leaf and enhances gas exchange,
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flexible petioles facilitate leaf fluttering. contributing to overall leaf health.
The lamina or leaf blade is the green expanded part Veins provide rigidity and serve as channels for water, minerals,
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with veins and veinlets. and food material transport.
Venation in leaves can be reticulate or parallel, Venation patterns play a role in nutrient transport and are
23 characteristic of dicotyledons and monocotyledons, distinctive features of different plant groups.
respectively.
Leaves are classified as simple or compound based on Compound leaves, with leaflets, exhibit a bud in the axil of the
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lamina characteristics. petiole.
Compound leaves can be pinnately or palmately Pinnately compound leaves have leaflets on a common axis,
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compound. while palmately compound leaves attach at a common point.
Phyllotaxy, the leaf arrangement on stems, occurs in Different phyllotaxy types, such as alternate and opposite, are
alternate, opposite, or whorled patterns. observed in various plant species.
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, https://t.me/R_Inayathullah_Best_Wishes XI_Botany _ New Chap-05 Morphology of Flowering Plants (Assertion and Reason Statements)
XI_BOTANY_NEW_CHAPTER-05: MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS _ A&R TEST ITEMS
# Correct Assertion Correct Reason
5.4 THE INFLORESCENCE
A flower is a modified shoot with the shoot apical Internodes don't elongate, and the axis condenses, producing
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meristem changing to floral meristem. floral appendages at successive nodes instead of leaves.
When a shoot tip transforms into a flower, it is always Floral appendages laterally arranged at successive nodes
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solitary. replace leaves during the shoot-to-flower transformation.
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is Inflorescence types, racemose and cymose, are defined based
29 termed as inflorescence. on whether the apex develops into a flower or continues
growth.
In racemose inflorescences, the main axis continues to Growth persists as flowers develop laterally, following an
30 grow, and flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal acropetal order along the main axis.
succession.
In cymose inflorescence, the main axis terminates in a Flowers are borne in a basipetal order, and the main axis ceases
31
flower and is limited in growth. growth after producing the terminal flower.
5.5 THE FLOWER
A flower comprises four whorls - calyx, corolla, These whorls, arranged successively on the thalamus, serve
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androecium, and gynoecium. reproductive and protective functions.
A bisexual flower has both androecium and Bisexual flowers enable self-pollination, whereas unisexual
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gynoecium, while unisexual flowers lack one. flowers rely on cross-pollination for reproduction.
Flowers exhibit actinomorphic or zygomorphic Actinomorphic flowers display radial symmetry, while
34 symmetry. zygomorphic flowers show bilateral symmetry in a specific
vertical plane.
Asymmetric flowers, like canna, cannot be divided Lack of symmetry in canna flowers challenges division into
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into similar halves by any vertical plane. equal halves through any vertical plane.
Flowers may be trimerous, tetramerous, or The numerical arrangement reflects variations in floral structure
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pentamerous based on floral appendages' multiples. and adaptation to diverse ecological niches.
Flowers can be bracteate (with bracts) or ebracteate Bracts, reduced leaves at the pedicel base, influence flower
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(without bracts). development and protect floral structures.
Flowers are hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous Ovary position influences floral structure, with hypogynous,
38 based on the ovary's position on the thalamus. perigynous, and epigynous flowers showcasing varying
arrangements.
Hypogynous flowers have a superior ovary, while Ovary position determines floral types, impacting reproductive
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epigynous flowers have an inferior ovary. strategies and adaptation to pollination.
5.5.1 Parts of a Flower
Each flower has four floral whorls: calyx, corolla, These whorls collectively contribute to reproduction,
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androecium, and gynoecium. protection, and attraction for pollination.
The calyx is the outermost whorl, and sepals, Calyx may be gamosepalous (sepals united) or polysepalous
41 generally green and leaf-like, protect the flower in the (sepals free), influencing protective structures.
bud stage.
Corolla, composed of petals, is brightly colored to The diverse shapes and colors of the corolla play a role in
42 attract insects for pollination. It may be gamopetalous attracting pollinators for reproduction.
or polypetalous.
Aestivation, the arrangement of sepals or petals in the The specific aestivation types, such as valvate or twisted, affect
43 floral bud, includes valvate, twisted, imbricate, and how sepals or petals interact in the bud.
vexillary types.
In vexillary aestivation, the largest petal overlaps This aestivation type, vexillary or papilionaceous, defines the
44 lateral petals, influencing the arrangement in flowers specific overlap pattern in certain flowers.
like pea and bean.
5.5.1.3 Androecium
Androecium comprises stamens, the male Filament supports anther, which contains pollen-sacs producing
45 reproductive organs, each with a filament and bilobed pollen grains, essential for reproduction.
anther.
Anther typically has two chambers, each bilobed, Bilobed structure facilitates efficient pollen-sac formation,
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housing pollen-sacs for pollen grain production. contributing to successful pollen grain development.
Sterile stamen in androecium is termed staminode. Staminode, a non-functional stamen, may exist within the
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androecium, influencing reproductive dynamics.
Stamens may be epipetalous (attached to petals) or Attachment variations, like epipetalous or epiphyllous, impact
48 epiphyllous (attached to perianth) within the flower. stamen positioning, influencing floral structure.
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