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XI Zoology New Chap 16 Excretory Products and their Elimination
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XI Zoology New Chap 16 Excretory Products and their Elimination
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Spread the Happiness. Assertion and Reason Statements Feedback: 9008271516XI_ZOOLOGY_NEW_CHAPTER-16: EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION _ A&R TEST ITEMS
# Correct Assertion Correct Reason
Introduction; 16.1 HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Ammonotelism is the process predominantly Ammonotelism is the primary method of ammonia excretion prevalent
1 observed in aquatic organisms for ammonia in aquatic animals.
excretion.
Ureotelism denotes the predominant excretory Ureotelism refers to the primary mechanism for urea excretion,
2 strategy of eliminating urea, observed notably in particularly observed in mammals and certain amphibians.
mammals and certain amphibians.
Uricotelism describes the primary excretory Uricotelism characterizes the excretion of uric acid prevalent in reptiles,
3 mechanism found in reptiles, birds, and insects, birds, and insects.
where uric acid is the main waste product.
Aquatic organisms favor ammonia excretion Ammonia excretion predominates in aquatic organisms due to its high
4 because of its high solubility, allowing easy solubility and the abundance of water in their environment.
elimination in water-rich habitats.
Terrestrial organisms excrete urea or uric acid to Terrestrial adaptation leads to the production of less-toxic nitrogenous
minimize water loss, essential for survival in dry or wastes like urea or uric acid, conserving water. Terrestrial animals
5
water-scarce habitats. adopt ureotelism or uricotelism to conserve water during waste
excretion.
Protonephridia serve as excretory organs in Protonephridia function as excretory structures in flatworms, rotifers,
6 various invertebrates such as flatworms, rotifers, annelids, and cephalochordates.
annelids, and cephalochordates.
Nephridia are tubular excretory organs found in Nephridia act as tubular excretory structures in earthworms and other
7 earthworms and other annelids, facilitating the annelids, aiding in waste removal.
removal of waste materials.
Malpighian tubules serve as excretory structures Malpighian tubules function as excretory organs in insects like
8 in insects such as cockroaches, aiding in waste cockroaches, contributing to waste removal and osmoregulation.
elimination and osmotic regulation.
Antennal glands function as excretory structures Antennal glands serve as excretory organs in crustaceans like prawns,
9 in crustaceans such as prawns, aiding in the assisting in waste removal.
elimination of waste products.
The human excretory system consists of kidneys, The human excretory system comprises organs such as kidneys, ureters,
10 ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, facilitating urinary bladder, and urethra, vital for eliminating waste substances.
waste removal.
Kidneys' location and structure enable efficient Kidneys are reddish-brown, bean-shaped organs located in the
11 blood filtration and waste removal, essential for abdominal cavity, filtering blood and eliminating waste.
maintaining physiological balance.
Nephrons are the fundamental units of kidney Nephrons serve as the functional units of the kidney, responsible for
12 function, involved in blood filtration and the blood filtration and waste processing.
processing of waste materials.
Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta provide a Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta facilitate solute reabsorption and
network for solute exchange, aiding in maintaining secretion, crucial for maintaining fluid balance. Peritubular capillaries
13
solute balance and waste removal. and vasa recta facilitate solute reabsorption and secretion, supporting
nephron function.
Juxtamedullary nephrons, extending deep into the Juxtamedullary nephrons possess long Henle's loops extending into the
14 medulla with long Henle's loops, play a vital role in medulla, crucial for urine concentration.
concentrating urine.
Ammonia, urea, and uric acid represent the Ammonia, urea, and uric acid are primary nitrogenous wastes in
15 principal nitrogenous wastes in animals, each with animals, varying in toxicity and water requirements.
distinct properties and excretion needs.
Ammonotelism is prevalent in aquatic organisms Aquatic animals utilize ammonotelism for ammonia excretion due to
16 because of the ample water resources in their abundant water availability.
environment, facilitating ammonia dilution.
Kidneys serve as intricate structures in Kidneys are complex structures found in vertebrates, crucial for blood
17 vertebrates, playing a crucial role in filtering blood filtration and the removal of waste substances.
and eliminating waste substances.
Nephrons are vital components of the kidney, Nephrons constitute the functional units of the kidney, comprising
18 facilitating blood filtration and waste processing glomeruli and renal tubules.
through specialized structures.
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XI_ZOOLOGY_NEW_CHAPTER-16: EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION _ A&R TEST ITEMS
# Correct Assertion Correct Reason
Renal tubule segments perform distinct functions, Renal tubule segments like PCT, Henle's loop, and DCT regulate
contributing to the precise control of solute reabsorption, secretion, and urine concentration.
19
reabsorption, waste secretion, and urine
concentration.
Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule form the renal The renal corpuscle, formed by the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule,
20 corpuscle, initiating the filtration process by initiates blood filtration by permitting plasma entry into the nephron.
allowing plasma to enter the nephron.
Cortical nephrons, primarily situated in the kidney Cortical nephrons possess short Henle's loops and are mainly confined
cortex, have short Henle's loops and contribute to to the kidney cortex, regulating blood volume.
21
blood volume regulation mechanisms.
Juxtamedullary nephrons, characterized by long Juxtamedullary nephrons feature long Henle's loops extending into the
22 Henle's loops penetrating the medulla, play a vital medulla, crucial for urine concentration.
role in urine concentration.
16.2 URINE FORMATION
Glomerular filtration involves blood filtration Glomerular filtration selectively filters plasma constituents, excluding
23 through the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. proteins, during ultrafiltration, illustrating its functional mechanism in
renal blood filtration.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) represents the GFR quantifies kidney function and filtration efficiency, reflecting the
24 amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys per efficiency of blood filtration by the glomeruli, thus serving as a critical
minute, typically around 125 ml/minute. indicator for renal health assessment.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a structure JGA's feedback mechanism, mediated by renin release, maintains blood
25 near the glomerulus, regulating GFR through renin pressure and kidney function, underscoring its role in renal
release. hemodynamics and GFR regulation.
Reabsorption can be active or passive, depending Active reabsorption requires energy expenditure to transport
on the substance being reabsorbed. substances against concentration gradients, contrasting with passive
26 reabsorption occurring along concentration gradients without energy
input, highlighting their distinct functional mechanisms in renal tubular
reabsorption.
Tubular secretion eliminates excess wastes and Tubular secretion aids in regulating blood pH and removing waste
27 maintains acid-base balance. products, demonstrating its crucial role in maintaining systemic acid-
base equilibrium and waste elimination.
Nearly all plasma constituents, except proteins, The glomerular membrane selectively filters plasma constituents,
28 pass through the glomerular membrane during excluding proteins, during ultrafiltration, elucidating its role in renal
filtration. blood filtration and waste removal.
Podocytes in Bowman's capsule are specialized Podocytes' filtration slits enable the passage of small molecules while
29 cells with filtration slits, facilitating selective restricting larger ones, demonstrating their structural adaptation for
filtration. selective molecule transit in renal filtration.
Tubular reabsorption accounts for the retrieval of Tubular reabsorption ensures the conservation of water and essential
30 nearly 99% of the filtrate formed daily. solutes, crucial for maintaining systemic fluid balance and electrolyte
homeostasis, reflecting its pivotal role in renal physiology.
Tubular secretion contributes to maintaining the Tubular secretion regulates blood pH and electrolyte concentrations,
31 ionic and acid-base balance of body fluids. exemplifying its role in systemic acid-base equilibrium maintenance and
waste elimination.
The filtration barrier consists of three layers: the The filtration barrier's structural components enable selective molecule
32 glomerular endothelium, Bowman's capsule transit, defining its role in renal blood filtration and waste removal.
epithelium, and a basement membrane.
Glomerular filtration is akin to ultrafiltration due Glomerular filtration's selective passage of plasma components,
33 to its highly selective nature. excluding proteins, parallels ultrafiltration processes, underscoring its
role in renal blood filtration and waste removal.
Glomerular filtration is the first step, where blood The glomerulus acts as a sieve, enabling the passage of most plasma
34 plasma is filtered through the glomerulus. components, excluding proteins, into the Bowman's capsule, initiating
urine formation and renal blood filtration.
Glomerular filtration pressure drives the Glomerular filtration pressure facilitates plasma movement through the
movement of blood plasma through three layers: filtration barrier layers, reflecting its role in renal blood filtration and
35
the glomerular endothelium, Bowman's capsule waste removal.
epithelium, and the basement membrane.
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