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Hsslive-XII-ch-11-Alcohols-Phenols and ethers-minhad
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IUHSSParappur, Malappuram
CHE-MM: XII 11. Alcohols, Phenols & Ethe
ALCOHOLS Methods of Prep
(1) By hydration of alkenes
Alcohols are hydroxy derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons. (i) In presence of an acid
Ex. CH3OH Alkenes, in presence of aci
Electronic Structure of Hydroxyl Group alcohols.
In alcohols, the oxygen of the –OH group is attached to carbon by a
sigma (σ ) bond formed by the overlap of a sp3 hybridised orbital of
In case of unsymmetrical a
carbon with a sp3 hybridised orbital of oxygen. The C-O-H bond
in accordance with Markov
angle in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral angle (109°-28′).
It is due to the repulsion between the unshared electron pairs of O.
(ii) By hydroboration-oxidatio
Diborane reacts with alken
oxidation by H2O2 in the pr
Classification (also applicable for phenols)
(i) On the basis of the number of hydroxyl groups
- monohydric (contain only one –OH group)
- dihydric (contain two –OH groups)
- polyhydric (contain more than two –OH groups).
The net reaction is the addi
a/c to anti-Markovnikov’s r
(2) From carbonyl compoun
(ii) According to the hybridisation of the C-atom, sp3 or sp2 to which (i) On catalytic hydrogenati
the –OH group is attached. palladium or nickel) of ald
o Compounds containing sp3 C-OH bond: Here the –OH group is (ii) Treating with sodium bor
attached to an sp3 hybridised C- atom of an alkyl group. aluminium hydride (LiA
They are further classified as follows: Primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohols. - Aldehydes yield 10 alcoho
o Compounds containing sp2 C −OH bond: These alcohols contain
—OH group bonded to a C-C double bond. These may be vinylic Commercially, acids are re
alcohols or phenols. the esters, followed by thei
presence of catalyst (cataly
(3) From the action of Grign
Nomenclature The nucleophilic addition o
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