Summary The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Handwritten notes to score 95+ marks in exams
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Contemporary World History
My Document contains history chapter 1 the rise of Nationalism In Europe Handwritten notes...that tells you the the history of Europe...about napoleon code...liberalism....the Balkan region ...Fredericc sorrieu painting that help you to score 95+ in exams
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THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
Painting by Fredric Sorrieu
● French artist painted it in 1848
● Visualizing his dream of world ‘democratic and social republics’.
● All age group people of Europe and America are marching in long path to reach liberty, hence ending absolutism.
● The white statue represents the statue of liberty bearing torch of enlightenment in one hand and Charter of the rights of
man in another.
● The first to pass are American and Swiss caring their flags and wearing National costume.
● About to pass are French and gradually marching are Germans, Austrians etc.
● This act of theirs is being praised by heavenly bodies.
● Down we can see the end of monarchy through broken and fallen crowns.
French Revolution
Phase I
1. French revolution brought lot of political and constitutional changes, which transferred the power from monarchy to
people.
2. To create a sense of collective belongingness French revolutionary initiated following practices:-
a) Idea of la patrie and la citoyen
b) New French tri-colour flag was chosen.
c) National assembly was elected.
d) Centralized administrative system for uniform law for all.
e) Lot of internal duties, pending loans was abolished and uniform weights and measures were introduced.
f) French had become common language
3. Revolutionaries declared that countries of Europe will also be helped to get rid of despotism.
4. Lot of Jacobins clubs were setup which helped French army to move into countries like Holland, Belgium etc.
Phase II or Civil Code of 1804 or Napoleonic code or reforms
1. He destroyed democracy and launched more rational and efficient administrative system.
2. He ended the facilities based on birth and established equality before law.
3. In Switzerland, Italy, Germany, abolished feudal system and serfdom.
4. Improved transport communication along with freedom for workers and businessman.
5. He introduced uniform laws weights and measures; common currency which helped in free movement of goods and
better trade.
6. Initially in many places French armies were welcomed, but as the time passed by the people lost their enthusiasm.
7. People started to criticize or oppose the changes as
a) It increased the tax burden.
b) Produced censor ship on newspaper
c) Forceful employment in the military services
Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
● This high class was the dominant class.
● The members of this class were united by a common way of life.
● Spoke French language and connected by ties of marriage.
● They were powerful but small in number.
, ● In western and parts of central Europe, towns and commercial classes emerged due to growth of industrial production.
● A new social group came into existence – a working class population.
● It was the educated middle class consisted of industrialist, businessmen, professionals.
Liberal Nationalism
1. Derived from Latin word liber meaning free.
2. For middle class, liberalism means freedom for individuals and equality of all before law.
3. Politically it means government by consent.
4. It also means ending of autocracy.
5. Economically it means freedom of markets and abolition of restriction on the movement of goods and capital.
6. Germany first consist of 39 states (each had its own currency, weights or measures) which was a big hurdle in trade.
7. It had 11 custom barriers.
8. In 1834 a custom union was formed by Prussia and joined by other states.
9. It abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currency from over thirty to two.
New Conservatism
1. Proposed that traditional institutions like monarchy, families should be preserved but with a change.
2. They opposed a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
3. To strengthen the institution like monarchy they proposed a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, better economy
and ending of feudalism and serfdom.
4. In 1815, the European powers defeated Napoleon.
Treaty of Vienna of 1815:- The representatives of four nations (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) met at Vienna in the
year 1815 to decide the fate of France. The Congress was hosted by the Australian Chancellor Duke Metternich. They
initiated following changes:-
a) The bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
b) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
c) German confederation of 39 states set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
d) A series of states were setup on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Examples Netherlands,
Belgium and Genoa.
e) Prussia was given important new territories and part of Poland.
Drawback of conservative regime:-
a) The conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.
b) They did not tolerate criticism and sought to curb the activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic
government.
c) Most of them imposed censorship to control what was said in newspapers and ideas of liberty and freedom.
d) The liberal nationalist always opposed conservative orders
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI
1. He was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa 1807.
2. He was the member of the secret society of Carbonari.
3. He founded two secret societies, Young Italy and Young Europe, after he was sent to exile.
4. He believed unification of Italy could be achieved on the basis of liberty.
5. His societies had the member of all kind and from different nations.
6. He also inspired them to setup secret societies in their nation.
7. Metternich described him as the most dangerous enemy of our social order.
French Revolution
Phase III
1. Almost entire Europe witnessed revolutionary activities under taken by liberal nationalist which comprised of middle
class society.
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