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Module 10_ Sensory-Perceptual Development questions and answer
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Module 10: Sensory-PerceptualDevelopment
Sensation
•Neural activity triggered by a stimulus activating a sensory receptor
•Result = sensory nerve impulses travel along sensory nerve pathways to the brain
"data" from the environment
Perception
•Multistage process in the brain
•Includes selection, processing, organization, and integration of information received from
the senses
"interpretation" of data
An Optical Illusion
Sensation = black/white lines, shapes, figures, etc.
ex: Identical sensation may yield different perceptions. Take for example, these optical
illusions below. This image can look like 2 people staring at each other, or a white vase.
The image on the bottom right can be an older woman with a large nose, or a young woman
with a choker.
Identical sensations can yield different perceptions
Perception Give Meaning: Development
Perception of the physical environment gives meaning to the relations and consequences of
the environment.
Proponents of perception-action theory view that the development of perceptual and motor
skills are inseparable.
In order to move in an environment, we need to perceive it. To understand perceptual
characteristics better, we need to move and physically interact with our environment.
•Developmentalists have much to learn about the role of movement in perceptual
development
,•
•Some view perception and action, or movement, as inseparable
•Remember Perception-Action theory of development?
•Movement <-> Perception
perceptual and motor development have bidirectional effects on one another.
VICE VERSA
This means that perceptual development affects motor development, and motor
development, in turn, affects perceptual development.
Sensory Systems function as individual structural constraints.
•Focus on visual, auditory, and kinesthetic sensation and perception
•Sensory processing issues – individual has trouble organizing information the brain receives
from the senses
•Under/hyposensitivity – individual seeks sensory input because they are
underwhelmed/understimulated
•Over/hypersensitivity – individual avoids sensory input because they are overwhelmed/over
stimulated.
•E.g., child with a vestibular hyposensitivity may spin repetitiously for stimulation
when a child has a hyposensitivity vestibular/proprioception sensory processing disorder,
this has been shown to lead
… to awkward, clumsy, and exaggerated movement patterns to compensate.
...As a result, children are more likely to have difficulty learning new activities, exhibit lower
motivation to be active because of past challenges, and have an increased risk of injury.
•Vision is an integral part to how organisms (especially humans) learn to navigate the
environment
•Sensory integration between vision (Owlets wearing glasses study: Knudsen & Knudsen,
1989)
•Once eyes opened, owlets wore prism “glasses” which displaced vision 11, 23, or 34
degrees
, •After adaptation to prisms and removal, owlets still missed the targets following an auditory
stimulus
•Eventually, owls adapted to correct sensory information and could hit targets, but lingering
locomotor changes
•The head and body moved diagonally relative to the orientation of the head, rather than
moving straight ahead.
Visual activity
is the sharpness of sight or the amount of detail that can be seen in an object.
At the bottom are 2 identical images with lower visual acuity at 20/100 vision, and ideal
visual acuity at 20/20 vision.
Static visual acuity
•Target and performer are stationary
•Measured with Snellen eye chart (>3 yrs old)
Static visual acuity improves dramatically over the first year of life and stabilizes at 20/20 at
10 years of age. This improvement in visual acuity corresponds with behavioral changes,
such as reaching toward smaller objects around 6 months.
Dynamic visual activity
improves longer than static visual activity
IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF SPORTS
•Ability to see the detail in moving objects
•CNS estimates an object’s direction and velocity
•Ability of the ocular-motor system “to catch” and “to hold” an object’s image on the eye’s
fovea long enough to see detail
•Continues to improve from 6 – 20 yrs. old
Visual and Motor Development
•Infants have functionally useful vision; but unrefined vision level
•In the first month, acuity is 20/400 (5% of adult level). Infants can differentiate facial features
at 20 inches.
•By 6 months of age, vision is adequate for locomotion through the environment
By age 10, fully developed vision (if there is no vision anomaly)
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