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NURSING 1002 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY questions and answers
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NURSING 1002 - ANATOMY &PHYSIOLOGY
Acromial - correct answer-refers to the top/point of the shoulder
Actin - correct answer-Thin filaments; a contractile protein of muscle
Action potential propagation - correct answer-the movement of an action potential down the
axon.
Active Transport - correct answer-the process by which substances are moved across the
membrane against the concentration gradient, therefore energy (in the form of ATP) is
required.
Hint: branches down into primary and secondary
Adrenal glands - correct answer-a pair of endocrine glands located on the superior aspect of
the kidneys, each contain an inner (medulla) and outer (cortex) gland.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - correct answer-a hormone which stimulates the
release of glucocorticoidsi and androgens from the adrenal glands.
Aldosterone - correct answer-a mineralcorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex which
regulate electrolytes in the extracellular fluid (mostly sodium and potassium). It is also
involved in the production of proteins needed for the sodium-potassium pump to function.
Amino acid based hormones - correct answer-hormones which are water-soluble and CAN
NOT cross the plasma membrane; most hormones are of this type.
Anatagonism - correct answer-the situation in which one hormone opposes the action of
another hormone.
Anatomy - correct answer-the study of body structure and how they are related to one
another.
Antecubital - correct answer-refers to the anterior surface of the elbow
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - correct answer-a hormone which prevents vast fluctuations in
water balance; it helps avoid dehydration and water overload by inhibiting urine production.
This release of this hormone is triggered when fluid levels fall as a result of dehydration,
blood loss, etc..
Appendicular Portion - correct answer-refers to the appendages; the upper and lower limbs.
,Association areas - correct answer-are parts of the brain which receive input from multiple
senses and send outputs to multiple areas, the purpose of these areas is to give meaning to
the information received by an individual.
Association fibres - correct answer-responsible for connecting different parts of the same
brain hemisphere.
Auditory area - correct answer-impulses from the inner ear are projected here, this is where
they are interpreted.
Autonomic reflex - correct answer-reflexes that activate visceral effectors, such as smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands.
Axial Portion - correct answer-refers to the head, neck, and trunk
Axillary - correct answer-refers to the underarm area
Axillary nerve - correct answer-located on the proximal radius bone.
Axon - correct answer-the elongated part of the neuron that carries action potentials away
from the neuron.
Axon hillock - correct answer-connects the cell body to the axon; is responsible for initiating
the firing of an action potential.
Axon potentials - correct answer-the process by which the nervous system sends signals
over long distances, this occurs when the electrical properties of the plasma membrane are
changed for a brief time period
Axon Terminals - correct answer-the branches at the end of the axon that release
neurotransmitters which relay the signals to other cells.
Basal ganglia - correct answer-a group of nuclei located deep in the cerebral white matter
which receive input from the cortex and provide output to the motor cortex. It is critical for
voluntary movements, especially initiated.
Brain stem - correct answer-accounts for approximately 2.5% of the brains total mass, it
produces functions that are necessary for survival such as breathing and heart beat. It
contains a pathway of tracts from the cortex to get to the spinal cord.
Broca's area - correct answer-responsible for controlling the muscles which produce speech.
Calcaneal - correct answer-refers to the heel of the foot
Calcitonin - correct answer-a hormone that has no known physiological effect, but it is
secreted as a result of rising blood calcium levels; which it does by inhibiting osteoclast
activity, for example.
, Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion - correct answer-happens via a protein carrier that is
specific to one chemical; it changes shape to move the binding site from one face of the
membrane to the other.
Cartilage - correct answer-a type of connective tissue that is comprised of
chondroblasts/chondrocytes. It is avascular and aneural.
Cell body - correct answer-Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and
receives the information that will be transmitted down the neuron.
Cell Divison - correct answer-the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same
genetic material.
Central Nervous System (CNS) - correct answer-consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central sulcus - correct answer-divides the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain
Cerebellum - correct answer-a structure located in the hindbrain that contains about 50% of
the brains total neurons. It is not part of any conscious perceptions, and it can not initiate
movement. In fact, it controls smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle activity, as well as timing
and coordination. It also acts as a comparator; meaning it compares intended motions with
actual motions and makes any needed corrections.
Cerebral cortex - correct answer-accounts for 40% of the brains mass, it is the area which
controls the conscious mind; thoughts, feelings, memories, communication, and movements.
Cerebral white matter - correct answer-responsible for communication between areas of the
cerebrum and also between the cerebral cortex and the central nervous system. Generally, it
consists of myelinated fibres, arranged in tracts.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - correct answer-produced by the choroid plexus; it surrounds the
brain and spinal cord (the brain actually floats in it) and is found in the subarachnoid space.
It functions to cushion and nourish the brain, and is continually being replaced (~ every 8
hours).
Cervical - correct answer-refers to the neck region
Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion - correct answer-happens via a channel protein,
mostly through ions that are selected on the basis of size and charge.
Chemoreceptors - correct answer-receptors that respond to chemicals; such and smell and
tasting substances, and any chemical changes in the blood.
Ciliary muscle - correct answer-a smooth muscle in the eye which controls the shape of the
lens.
Cochlea - correct answer-a snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid and
houses the receptor responsible for hearing; essentially, it is where the hearing happens.
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