Project Planning & Design Questions well Answered Graded A+
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Project Planning & Design
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Project Planning & Design
Project Planning & Design
Azimuth - Answer- The horizontal angle at the ground plane measured from compass north to the object.
Altitude - Answer- The angle measured up from the ground plane.
NIMBYism - Answer- Not in my backyard.
Metes and bounds - Answer- Method of describing real pro...
Project Planning & Design
Azimuth - Answer- The horizontal angle at the ground plane measured from
compass north to the object.
Altitude - Answer- The angle measured up from the ground plane.
NIMBYism - Answer- Not in my backyard.
Metes and bounds - Answer- Method of describing real property using physical
features of the local geography along with directions and distances.
Transect - Answer- Concept drawn from ecology; a progression through a sequence
of habitats. Rural-to-urban transect includes a sequence of human habitats of
increasing density and complexity.
Bioswale - Answer- Shallow and elongated grass-lined channel that is moist or
marshy; designed to detain stormwater runoff and remove sediment and other
contaminants while allowing water to seep back into the ground.
Infiltration basin - Answer- Closed depression in the earth from which water can only
escape back into the soil.
Excavation - Answer- Removal of soil to allow construction of foundations and other
permanent features below the finished level of the grade.
Rough grading - Answer- Involves the movement of soil prior to construction to
approximate levels of final grades.
Invert - Answer- This is the lowest elevation of the existing public sewer line. It
should be established during planning because the effluent must flow from the
lowest point where the sewer lines leave the building to the main sewer. The
connection of the building sewer line to the main sewer line must occur above the
invert of the main line at any given point in order to interfere with free flow.
Wind rose - Answer- A circular graphical tool for showing wind speed and direction at
a given location.
Prevailing wind - Answer- A wind that blows predominantly from one direction at any
given location on the earth's surface. Global patterns, latitude, terrain, and bodies of
water all influence prevailing winds.
Groundwater - Answer- Groundwater is the water that is present under the earth's
soil. It includes water in aquifers, soil moisture, and permafrost. Groundwater, if
present, needs to be drained away from buildings.
Water table - Answer- The line in the soil below which the ground is saturated.
,Soils report - Answer- A report that gives an understanding of earth conditions that
will affect a building. Typically required in areas with expansive or low-strength soils,
where a new foundation may encounter fill, or where lots of site grading needs to be
done (aka geotechnical report).
DU/AC - Answer- Dwelling units per acre is a measurement of residential density.
Single-family home: up to 10 du/ac. Row houses : 20-40 du/ac. Apartments: 30-105
du/ac.
Heat vs. temperature - Answer- Heat is the energy in a substance. Temperature is
the measure of the energy in a substance.
Phase I ESA - Answer- A Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, or ESA, is a
report done to help determine whether a property has been contaminated, and it is
the first step in an environmental investigation. An ESA is often done before the sale
of a project as a requirement from the lender. It is a thorough visual investigation that
addresses the land, any structures, and surrounding properties. It also includes
looking up records and reports and conducting interviews to find out prior uses of the
property and whether potential environmental hazards exist. Actual sampling of
materials like soil or groundwater is not done in a Phase I ESA.
Phase II ESA - Answer- A Phase II Environmental Site Assessment is done after a
Phase I ESA to assess any of the findings of the Phase I ESA. It includes testing of
air, soil, groundwater, or building materials to get definitive answers about
contaminants. If contamination is found, another investigation is usually required,
along with clean-up.
Bubble diagrams and adjacency matrix are best used for what programming tasks? -
Answer- Organizing client needs for spatial relationships.
Windward vs. leeward - Answer- Windward is the side of where moist air rises; it is
the wetter side of the hill. Leeward is the drier side, where dry air descends.
Recharge (groundwater) - Answer- Occurs when surface water moves down into the
earth to the groundwater. Can be either natural or anthropogenic.
Gabions - Answer- A wirework container or "big cage" filled with stone or concrete
rubble. Used to protect slopes against erosion, as with retaining walls, noise barriers,
and other uses.
Riprap - Answer- Large stone or concrete rubble that is used to line shorelines or
waterways to protect against erosion.
Ecotone - Answer- A zone of transition between two different ecological
communities. For example, when there is no hard boundary between a field and a
forest.
True or False? Playgrounds are exempt from accessibility regulations. - Answer-
False.
,Rail to trail - Answer- Old rail routes have been converted to bike trails in
communities throughout the United States since the mid-1980s. They are successful
because the grades of the rail lines were already relatively flat, which is good for
biking.
Pedestrian vs. vehicular collisions - Answer- When vehicle speed is less than 20
mph, the pedestrian is usually not seriously injured. Vehicle speeds of 20-30 mph:
serious injuries. Over 30 mph: injuries are often fatal.
Traffic calming - Answer- The use of design elements to slow vehicular traffic and
bring awareness to drivers. Types include speed bumps; changes in width and grade
of the street; and changes in paving material, surface, color, or texture. Speed
bumps are effective but undesirable because of damage to snow removal
equipment, slowing of emergency vehicles, damage to the speed bump itself, and
accessibility issues.
Critical regionalism - Answer- An approach to architecture that strives to counter the
placelessness and lack of identity of the International Style while rejecting the
whimsical individualism and ornamentation of postmodern architecture. Popularized
by architect and urbanist Kenneth Frampton.
Natural ventilation - Answer- The process of moving air through an indoor space
without the use of a mechanical system. Natural ventilation typically uses pressure
differences between spaces to drive air between areas.
Rainwater harvesting - Answer- The process of collecting, diverting, and storing
rainwater for later use. Commonly referred to as "gray water," harvested water can
be utilized for irrigation, water closets, and urinals. Unless it is properly treated, it is
not suitable for use as potable water.
Photovoltaic (PV) panels - Answer- Equipment that uses energy from solar radiation
to generate electricity. PV panels can be mounted on the ground or may be attached
to building roofs or walls. If they are static, their ideal orientation depends on the
sun's altitude angle. PV panels may also utilize solar trackers to better orient
themselves in relation to the sun.
Recycled content (post-consumer vs. pre-consumer) - Answer- Post-consumer:
Waste material generated by end users that can no longer be used for its intended
purpose.
Pre-consumer: Material diverted from the waste stream during the manufacturing
process. Use of products that utilize post-consumer and pre-consumer waste in their
production reduces the amount of waste produced .
Stormwater runoff management - Answer- Stormwater runoff from a project site can
overwhelm the surrounding ecosystem, so managing it is an important principle of
sustainable design. Some ways to reduce runoff include using landscape areas to
complement hardscape, rainwater harvesting, using permeable and semipermeable
pavers, and retaining water on-site to release gradually over a longer period of time.
, Direct gain - Answer- In passive solar heating, south windows that allow heat from
the winter sun to directly absorb into the thermal mass inside the building.
Insolation - Answer- Solar radiation.
Geothermal systems - Answer- Energy-efficient heating method that collects heat
from under the earth's surface using a heat pump system and delivers it into a
building to supplement the heating demand and reduce the carbon footprint.
Aquifer thermal energy storage - Answer- Energy-efficient method to heat and cool a
building through the storage and recovery of thermal energy from groundwater in an
aquifer. Cold groundwater is collected in winter months and stored for use in the
warm months, and vice versa. The cold water that is used and subsequently warmed
can also be stored as warm water for cool months.
Building commissioning - Answer- Process used on new construction that verifies
that systems (HVAC, plumbing, electrical, fire suppression, lighting, etc.) are all
functioning according to the design and the owner's requirements. This encourages
energy efficiency and lower maintenance and operating costs.
Structural insulated panels - Answer- High-performance wall system that consists of
an insulating foam core between two structural facings (such as OSB ). They are
strong, energy efficient, and built in a controlled factory environment that maintains
consistency and quality.
Sick building syndrome - Answer- A series of symptoms connected with the
phenomenon of building occupants feeling sick when they are in a building and
recovering when they leave the building.
Smart growth - Answer- An approach that protects open space and farmland by
emphasizing development with houses, jobs, and services near each other.
Xeriscaping - Answer- Landscaping designed to reduce or eliminate potable water
use in irrigation through the planting of native and adapted species of vegetation and
the use of other water-conserving techniques.
Passive design - Answer- A design strategy that uses natural climatic conditions to
heat, cool, and light a building.
Reclaimed water - Answer- Commissioning
Environmental product declaration - Answer- A standardized, internationally
recognized comprehensive tool for providing information on a product's
environmental impact based on an ISO-compliant life cycle assessment (LCA) and
that can be verified by a third party. It includes the life cycle of the product, energy
use and efficiency during manufacture, transportation methods, and end-of-service-
life recycling.
Aeroponics - Answer- Process of growing plants in suspension in an air or mist
environment without the use of soil.
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