This book is a collection of class 10 science CBSE NCERT study material for half-yearly including detailed notes, Diagrams, NCERT Solved Questions + Intext Questions, Activities and PYQ'S.
CHAPTER WISE CONCEPTS, FORMULAS AND
QUESTIONS INLCUDING MCQs, HOTS
QUESTIONS
Prepared by
M. S. KUMARSWAMY, TGT(MATHS)
M. Sc. Gold Medallist (Elect.), B. Ed.
Kendriya Vidyalaya gachibowli
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - A -
,Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - B -
, DEDICATED
TO
MY FATHER
LATE SHRI. M. S. MALLAYYA
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - C -
, CHAPTER – 1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Any change can be classified as physical change and chemical change. Physical changes
can be easily reversed but, it is not easy to reverse a chemical change.
In chemical changes, new substances are formed and it is difficult to regenerate the original
substances. Chemical changes are more permanent than physical changes.
Chemical reaction involves chemical changes.
Chemical reactions are the processes in which new substances with new properties are formed.
During a chemical reaction, atoms of one element do not change into those of another element.
Only a rearrangement of atoms takes place in a chemical reaction.
Magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling white flame and changes into a white powder. This
powder is magnesium oxide. It is formed due to the reaction between magnesium and oxygen
present in the air.
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium Oxide
Heat
(As ribbon) (From air) (White powder)
The burning of magnesium in air to form magnesium oxide is an example of chemical reaction.
REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS
The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
The new substances produced as a result of chemical reaction are called products.
In the above chemical reaction, there are two reactants : Magnesium and Oxygen but only one
product : Magnesium oxide.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
In a chemical reaction, reactants are transformed into products.
The important characteristics of chemical reaction are:
Evolution of a gas
Formation of a precipitate
Change in colour
Change in temperature and
Change in state.
Any one of these characteristics can tell us whether a chemical reaction has taken place or not.
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
The method of representing a chemical reaction with the help of symbols and formulas of the
substances involved in it is known as chemical equation.
A word-equation shows change of reactants to products through an arrow placed
between them. The reactants are written on the left-hand side (LHS) with a plus sign (+)
between them. Similarly, products are written on the right-hand side (RHS) with a plus
sign (+) between them. The arrowhead points towards the products, and shows the
direction of the reaction.
Example: A + B → C + D
In this equation, A and B are called reactants and C and D are called the products. Arrow
shows the direction of chemical reaction. Condition, if any, is written generally above the
arrow.
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 1 -
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